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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 3.1 – 3.19
Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Cells and Tissues
Slide 3.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
• Cells are the building blocks of all living things
• Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
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Anatomy of the Cell
Slide 3.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cells are not all the same • All cells share general structures • Cells are organized into three main
regions •Nucleus •Cytoplasm •Plasma membrane
Figure 3.1a
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The Nucleus
Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Control center of the cell •Contains genetic
material (DNA)
• Three regions •Nuclear
membrane
•Nucleolus
•Chromatin Figure 3.1b
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Nuclear Membrane
Slide 3.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Barrier of nucleus
• Consists of a double phospholipid membrane
• Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
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Nucleoli
Slide 3.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
• Sites of ribosome production
• Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
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Chromatin
Slide 3.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Composed of DNA and protein
• Scattered throughout the nucleus
• Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
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Plasma Membrane
Slide 3.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Barrier for cell contents • Double phospholipid layer
•Hydrophilic heads •Hydrophobic tails
• Other materials in plasma membrane •Protein •Cholesterol •Glycoproteins
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Plasma Membrane
Slide 3.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.2
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Plasma Membrane Specializations
Slide 3.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Microvilli •Finger-like
projections that increase surface area for absorption
Figure 3.3
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Plasma Membrane Specializations
Slide 3.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Membrane junctions •Tight junctions
•Desmosomes
•Gap junctions
Figure 3.3
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Cytoplasm
Slide 3.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane •Cytosol •Fluid that suspends other elements
•Organelles •Metabolic machinery of the cell
• Inclusions •Non-functioning units
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.4
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Ribosomes •Made of protein and RNA •Sites of protein synthesis •Found at two locations •Free in the cytoplasm •Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances • Two types of ER •Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Studded with ribosomes • Site where building materials of cellular
membrane are formed •Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Golgi apparatus •Modifies and packages proteins •Produces different types of packages •Secretory vesicles •Cell membrane components •Lysosomes
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.5
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lysosomes •Contain enzymes that digest nonusable
materials within the cell • Peroxisomes
•Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes •Detoxify harmful substances •Break down free radicals
(highly reactive chemicals) •Replicate by pinching in half
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Mitochondria • “Powerhouses” of the cell
• Change shape continuously
• Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
• Provides ATP for cellular energy
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cytoskeleton •Network of protein structures that extend
throughout the cytoplasm
•Provides the cell with an internal framework
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cytoskeleton •Three different types
• Microfilaments
• Intermediate filaments
• Microtubules
Figure 3.6
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Centrioles •Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
•Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
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Cellular Projections
Slide 3.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Not found in all cells
• Used for movement •Cilia moves materials across the cell
surface
•Flagellum propels the cell
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Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 1, 2
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Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 3
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Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 4, 5
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Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 6, 7
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 3.20 – 3.37
Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport
Slide 3.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Membrane Transport – movement of substance into and out of the cell
• Transport is by two basic methods •Passive transport •No energy is required
•Active transport •The cell must provide metabolic energy
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Solutions and Transport
Slide 3.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more components •Solvent – dissolving medium •Solutes – components in smaller quantities
within a solution • Intracellular fluid – nucleoplasm and
cytosol • Interstitial fluid – fluid on the exterior of
the cell
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Selective Permeability
Slide 3.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others
• This permeability includes movement into and out of the cell
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Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Diffusion •Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly
within a solution •Movement is
from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient
Figure 3.8
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Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Types of diffusion •Simple diffusion
•Unassisted process
•Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
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Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Types of diffusion •Osmosis – simple diffusion of water
•Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
•Facilitated diffusion
•Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
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Diffusion through the Plasma Membrane
Slide 3.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.9
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Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Filtration •Water and solutes are forced through a
membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
•A pressure gradient must exist
•Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion • They may be too large • They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core
of the membrane • They may have to move against a concentration
gradient • Two common forms of active transport
•Solute pumping •Bulk transport
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.28a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Solute pumping •Amino acids, some sugars and ions are
transported by solute pumps
•ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradients
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.10
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bulk transport •Exocytosis •Moves materials out of the cell •Material is carried in a membranous vesicle •Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane •Vesicle combines with plasma membrane •Material is emptied to the outside
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.11
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bulk transport •Endocytosis
•Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle
•Types of endocytosis
•Phagocytosis – cell eating
•Pinocytosis – cell drinking
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.12
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Cell Life Cycle
Slide 3.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cells have two major periods • Interphase
•Cell grows
•Cell carries on metabolic processes
•Cell division
•Cell replicates itself
•Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
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DNA Replication
Slide 3.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Genetic material duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells
• Occurs toward the end of interphase
• DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template
Figure 3.13
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Events of Cell Division
Slide 3.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Mitosis •Division of the nucleus •Results in the formation of two daughter
nuclei • Cytokinesis
•Division of the cytoplasm •Begins when mitosis is near completion •Results in the formation of two daughter
cells
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Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Interphase •No cell division occurs
•The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth
• Prophase •First part of cell division
•Centromeres migrate to the poles
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Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.34b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Metaphase •Spindle from centromeres are attached to
chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell
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Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anaphase •Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward
the poles
•The cell begins to elongate
• Telophase •Daughter nuclei begin forming
•A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form
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Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.14; 1
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Stages of Mitosis
Slide 3.36b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.14; 2
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Protein Synthesis
Slide 3.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein
• Proteins have many functions •Building materials for cells
•Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)
• RNA is essential for protein synthesis
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 3.38 – 3.54
Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Protein Synthesis
Slide 3.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein
• Proteins have many functions •Building materials for cells
•Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)
• RNA is essential for protein synthesis
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Role of RNA
Slide 3.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) •Transfers appropriate amino acids to the
ribosome for building the protein • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
•Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
• Messanger RN •Carries the instructions for building a
protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
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Transcription and Translation
Slide 3.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Transcription •Transfer of information from DNA’s base
sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA
• Translation •Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated
to an amino acid sequence
•Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
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Protein Synthesis
Slide 3.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.15
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Body Tissues
Slide 3.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cells are specialized for particular functions • Tissues
•Groups of cells with similar structure and function
•Four primary types •Epithelium •Connective tissue •Nervous tissue •Muscle
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Epithelial Tissues
Slide 3.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Found in different areas •Body coverings •Body linings •Glandular tissue
• Functions •Protection •Absorption •Filtration •Secretion
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Epithelium Characteristics
Slide 3.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cells fit closely together • Tissue layer always has one free
surface • The lower surface is bound by a
basement membrane • Avascular (have no blood supply) • Regenerate easily if well nourished
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Classification of Epithelium
Slide 3.44a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Number of cell layers •Simple – one layer
•Stratified – more than one layer
Figure 3.16a
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Classification of Epithelium
Slide 3.44b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Shape of cells •Squamous – flattened
•Cuboidal – cube-shaped
•Columnar – column-like
Figure 3.16b
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Simple Epithelium
Slide 3.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Simple squamous •Single layer of flat
cells •Usually forms
membranes •Lines body
cavities •Lines lungs and
capillaries Figure 3.17a
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Simple Epithelium
Slide 3.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Simple cuboidal •Single layer of
cube-like cells •Common in
glands and their ducts
•Forms walls of kidney tubules
•Covers the ovaries Figure 3.17b
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Simple Epithelium
Slide 3.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Simple columnar •Single layer of tall
cells
•Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus
•Lines digestive tract
Figure 3.17c
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Simple Epithelium
Slide 3.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Pseudostratified •Single layer, but
some cells are shorter than others
•Often looks like a double cell layer
•Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract
•May function in absorption or secretion
Figure 3.17d
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Stratified Epithelium
Slide 3.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Stratified squamous •Cells at the free edge
are flattened •Found as a protective
covering where friction is common
•Locations •Skin •Mouth •Esophagus Figure 3.17e
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Stratified Epithelium
Slide 3.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Stratified cuboidal • Two layers of cuboidal cells
• Stratified columnar • Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape • Stratified cuboidal and columnar
• Rare in human body • Found mainly in ducts of large glands
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Stratified Epithelium
Slide 3.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Transitional epithelium •Shape of cells
depends upon the amount of stretching
•Lines organs of the urinary system
Figure 3.17f
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Glandular Epithelium
Slide 3.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product
• Two major gland types •Endocrine gland •Ductless •Secretions are hormones
•Exocrine gland •Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface • Include sweat and oil glands
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Connective Tissue
Slide 3.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Found everywhere in the body
• Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
• Functions •Binds body tissues together
•Supports the body
•Provides protection
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Connective Tissue Characteristics
Slide 3.54 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Variations in blood supply •Some tissue types are well vascularized
•Some have poor blood supply or are avascular
• Extracellular matrix •Non-living material that surrounds living
cells
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 3.55 – 3.73
Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Extracellular Matrix
Slide 3.55 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Two main elements •Ground substance – mostly water along
with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
•Fibers •Produced by the cells •Three types
•Collagen fibers •Elastic fibers •Reticular fibers
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Connective Tissue Types
Slide 3.56 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bone (osseous tissue) •Composed of: •Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities) •Hard matrix of calcium
salts •Large numbers of
collagen fibers •Used to protect and
support the body Figure 3.18a
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Connective Tissue Types
Slide 3.57 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hyaline cartilage •Most common
cartilage •Composed of: •Abundant collagen
fibers •Rubbery matrix
•Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage Figure 3.18b
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Connective Tissue Types
Slide 3.58a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Elastic cartilage •Provides elasticity
•Example: supports the external ear
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Connective Tissue Types
Slide 3.58b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fibrocartilage •Highly compressible
•Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae
Figure 3.18c
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Connective Tissue Types
Slide 3.59 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Dense connective tissue •Main matrix element
is collagen fibers •Cells are fibroblasts •Examples • Tendon – attach
muscle to bone • Ligaments – attach
bone to bone Figure 3.18d
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Connective Tissue Types
Slide 3.60 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Areolar connective tissue •Most widely
distributed connective tissue
•Soft, pliable tissue •Contains all fiber
types •Can soak up excess
fluid Figure 3.18e
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Connective Tissue Types
Slide 3.61 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Adipose tissue •Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat
globules predominate •Many cells contain
large lipid deposits •Functions • Insulates the body • Protects some organs • Serves as a site of
fuel storage Figure 3.18f
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Connective Tissue Types
Slide 3.62 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reticular connective tissue •Delicate network of
interwoven fibers • Forms stroma
(internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs • Lymph nodes •Spleen •Bone marrow
Figure 3.18g
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Connective Tissue Types
Slide 3.63 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Blood •Blood cells
surrounded by fluid matrix
•Fibers are visible during clotting
•Functions as the transport vehicle for materials
Figure 3.18h
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Muscle Tissue
Slide 3.64 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Function is to produce movement • Three types
•Skeletal muscle •Cardiac muscle •Smooth muscle
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Muscle Tissue Types
Slide 3.65 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Skeletal muscle •Can be controlled
voluntarily •Cells attach to
connective tissue •Cells are striated •Cells have more than
one nucleus Figure 3.19b
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Muscle Tissue Types
Slide 3.66 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cardiac muscle • Found only in the
heart • Function is to pump
blood (involuntary) •Cells attached to
other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
•Cells are striated •One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19c
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Muscle Tissue Types
Slide 3.67 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Smooth muscle • Involuntary muscle •Surrounds hollow
organs •Attached to other
smooth muscle cells •No visible striations •One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.19a
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Nervous Tissue
Slide 3.68 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Neurons and nerve support cells
• Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body • Irritability
•Conductivity Figure 3.20
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Tissue Repair
Slide 3.69 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Regeneration •Replacement of destroyed tissue by the
same kind of cells • Fibrosis
•Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)
• Determination of method •Type of tissue damaged •Severity of the injury
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Events in Tissue Repair
Slide 3.70 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Capillaries become very permeable • Introduce clotting proteins •Wall off injured area
• Formation of granulation tissue • Regeneration of surface epithelium
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Regeneration of Tissues
Slide 3.71 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Tissues that regenerate easily •Epithelial tissue • Fibrous connective tissue and bone
• Tissues that regenerate poorly •Skeletal muscle
• Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue •Cardiac muscle •Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
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Developmental Aspects of Tissue
Slide 3.72 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers
• Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm
• Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm
• With old age there is a decrease in mass and viabililty in most tissues