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Large Tropical River Plume Monitoring with SMOS to better estimate Land-Sea Freshwater Fluxes
Séverine Fournier, Nicolas Reul, Bertrand ChapronLaboratoire Océanographie Spatiale, IFREMER
Joe Salisbury, Doug VandemarkUniversity of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
ESA-EGU-SOLAS – Air-Sea Gas Flux Climatology ; Progress and Future Prospect24th-27th September 2013 – Ifremer, Brest, France
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Rivers, important variables in oceanography Surface freshwater is important to Air-Sea interactions by
modifying : open ocean SSS (density)buoyancy of the surface layer & vertical stratification
Rivers : important factors of the Air/Sea interactions
Sources of organic & inorganic materials which have a key role in many biological, physical & chemical processes.
Rivers represent key hydrologic components of freshwater Land/Sea exchanges
Particularly the Amazon River plume : the world’s largest river in terms of discharge levels
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Conservative Mixing in Rivers’ plumeSSS/optical properties conservative mixingA well known inverse correlation SSS/light absorption and
SSS/light attenuation(Hu et al. 2004, Del Vecchio & Subramaniam 2004, Molleri et al. 2010, Salisbury et al., 2010)
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river mouthS = 0
open seaS = 36
Bio-
optic
al
para
met
er
salinity
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Deviations from the conservative mixing : Physical processes Bio-optical & bio-chemical processes
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river mouthS = 0
open seaS = 36
Bio-
optic
al
para
met
er
salinity
rivers
precipitationsevaporation
primaryproduction
removal processes(photobleaching, flocculation…)
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Up to now, the monitoring of the Amazon River plume and of the conservative mixing were limited due to a lack of joint SSS/optical properties observations
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Del Vecchio and Subramaniam, 2004Molleri et al, 2010
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Since 2010, spaceborne measurements of SSS are available for the first time from SMOS & Aquarius missions
unprecedent spatial & temporal resolution
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SMOS SSS – April 2010In situ SSS – April 2010
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ObjectivesIllustrate the new monitoring capabilities for the oceanic
freshwater pool generated by the Amazon discharge
Study the quasi-linear seasonnally varying conservative mixing derived from the satellite SSS and Ocean Color properties
Investigate non conservative behaviours of the conservative mixing
Estimate the SSS at high spatial resolution (4 km) from Ocean Color data
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DataSMOS SSS: 10-day daily running mean, 0.25 degree
resolution (CATDS CEC products)
MERIS/MODIS/SeaWIFS CDM absorption: 10-day daily running mean, 4-km resolution (GlobColour ACRI-ST)
In situ SSS (Coriolis, IRD, various research campaigns)
ORE HYBAM Amazon & Orinoco discharges at Obidos & Bolivar gauges
8-day Carbon based Production Model (CbPM) Net Primary Productivity from Ocean Productivity
2011/12/01
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Amazon Plume - Local Ocean Currents
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New Monitoring Capabilities of the Amazon River Plume : Combination of SMOS SSS + Ocean Color data + River discharge data
SMOS SSS - 2010 GlobColour Acdm - 2010
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Amazon plume extension =
Amazon discharge proxy
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Amazondischarge
SMOS plume monitoring capabilitiesAugust 2010
Plume area(35 psu contour)
3 months lag
35 psu contour
SMOS SSS
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The Conservative Mixing seen by SMOS and Ocean Color Sensors
SSS (psu)
Acdm
(/m
)
K490
(/ m
)
SSS (psu)
Annual relationships
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Observed seasonal and interannual variabilities in the SSS/ACDM relationship
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Sources of these variabilitieshave to be explored in terms of:
River cycle (endmember variations, Amazon tributaries)
Biogeochemical processes (photobleaching, primary production)
Physical processes (advection, wind, rain)
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Amazon discharge in phase with the endmember of the SSS/Acdm relationship
discharge = main source of the conservative mixing seasonal cycle
river mouthS = 0
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Observed seasonal and interannual variabilities in the SSS/ACDM relationship
Acdm
SSS open seaS = 36
Endmembervalue
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Deviations from the conservative mixing
Estimation of Acdm from SMOS SSS and the monthly 2010-2012 SSS/Acdm relationshipJune 2010-2012
June 2010 – SMOS SSS
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Synthetic Acdm
Anomaly > 0
Observed Acdm
Observed Acdm
Anomaly < 0
Primary productivity
Acdm (/m)
Salinity (psu)
Deviations from the conservative mixingJune 2010
Synthetic Acdm GlobColour Acdm
Net Primary Productivity
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October 2010April 2011
Ocean Color sensors : 4 km – SMOS : 25 kmdistinguish structures not well-resolved by microwave SSS sensors
Data available from 2002Coastal observations
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High resolution SSS from Ocean Color
October 2010April 2011
4-km Acdm 25-km SMOS SSS
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High resolution SSS from Ocean Color
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June 2010 4-km Globcolour Acdm June 2010 4-km reconstructed SSS
Colibri TSG transect - June 2010
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High resolution SSS Validation
SSS
(psu
)
SSS
(psu
)
In situ SSS (psu)
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April 20114-km SSS
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April 201125-km SMOS SSS
April 20114-km Acdm
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October 201025-km SMOS SSS
October 20104-km SSS
October 20104-km Acdm
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Consistency between SMOS SSS (microwave instrument) & Ocean Color (optical instrument)
New approach of the SSS/Acdm relationship thanks to remote sensing : largely improved spatio-temporal monitoring
For the first time, the seasonal and interannual variabilities of the conservative mixing are highlighted
Study of the deviations from the conservative mixing
High Resolution SSS estimates can be retrieved
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Conclusions