Download - SHELL BOILERS - Guidelines for Examination
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Shell BoilerS? @ I?@?@ @ -@-? ?
?-@-? H @?(+B 1)
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Ground polished
and etched surface Endplate
Smoke tube
Defective
region
Macrograph
of Shell/Endplate
and tube connection
showing defect
propagation insusceptible
region
Section removed for
metallurgical investigation
Boiler
shell
Shell/End plate
weld (set-in)
C-HJ @? @ J @
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F@H@A G @? @ A@ @ ? C@ (AC) ? B@@
4 H J H@? @ @?: ?G @ +J A?F@? (+AF), ! ? +J EIG (!+E) ? @ ? .
@? H G ? 2012 J +AF @ ? @ ? ? @?H @ ? @ ?@@ @ ? J +AF ? ? @?.
? @ @ I?@? ? J @H ? +J +J @? (+" 2000 @. 128) - ??@H?, ? C@? @?.
@ ? @? ? H @? @ @@ ? ?@@ I? ? @G ?J J ? ? -@-? ??-@-? H ? @.
+J A? F@? - +AF - ? ? @ @? ?? ??? ?@? ? J ? @ ??? ? ?? ?,J ? ?J.
M +AFE A++E++&E FEDEA" 2012
A G. EI @ ?@ GH @, ?@ @ @? J
@, , @ ? G J @ ? ? ?J @ J ?J ?
@? @ ?, ?? @@@J?, @? @ J ?J ?@@?, @ @
G J H@ H? @? @ .
F J +J A? F@? , @?@? $ ? 1997, @? 2012
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@ C@??:
1 INTRODUCTION 5
2 BACKGROUND 6
3 SCOPE 7
4 FREQUENCY AND TESTS 8
5 PREPARATION 12
6 ASSESSMENT OF DEFECTS 15
7 REPAIRS 20
8 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATIONS 21
REFERENCES 24
APPENDIX 25
Shell BoilerS? @ I?@?@ @ -@-? ?
?-@-? H @?(+B 1)
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1 INTRODUCTION
? H ? 1993 ? @ A@ ? C@ (AC).
+? 1993 "?@? ?@? G ?@ ? ? ? @
@ I? -@-? ? ?-@-? H; @ @H
@G 10% @ @ ? 1995 I ? ? -@-? H* H 2.5% @ @ -@-? H;
? @ ? ? 1992/3. @ @ ? ??@ ? J @ "?@? ?@? ? @?@ @
? @ @, @G ?? @ ? @ ?? ?
@ @ ? ?; ? ? @@? ? ? @ @ @ @ @ H @ @?? @ ??.
! ? +J EIG' ? @ & 361 @G ? @? H
? G @ -? ? @ ? ? @??@? @ J @;
+AF @? & 36 ? @?J @ @ ?-G? ? @? @ ?@?.
1982 @? @ B+ 27902
?@ ? @ @? H @?
? @ @ ? ? H. @J @ ? ? ? @
?? ?? ? H? ?@? H, ? @ @?@ +?, @ G ? J ; @HG @ @
@? ? @? H @ @, ?@?-G ? (D)
? J ?@ ??.
+J +J @? (+" 2000 @ 128)3 ? + @EI?@? ? ?J @? ? @? ?J; ? ?
@ C@? @? H? @ J? @ @.
* For the purposes of this document reference to shell-to-endplate and furnace-to-end plate welds includes
access tube attachment welds for which separate acceptance criteria are specified.
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2 BACKGROUND
"? J 1970 "?@? ?@? H ? ?? ?
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?. IJ? ? @ H/ ? ? !
(H J) @?@, @? @ @?? @, @ ?G@??H? @ @??.
@ @ @? I?@? H @ ? @ @ @
?? H @ ? ?-@-? ? H; @HG D@ H @ @ ? ? @J @ H - @@?, ?@ ?@? ? ?? G - H @ @G.
"? 1984 ! ? +J EIG ? @ & 36 H
@ @ H? @J @ H, G ? @? ? @
?, @? ? @ @ @@J, @? ?@? @ @? I?@? ?G. BJ 1990 H @? & 36 H ? ? @
G@? ? @ @ @ H@ @;
@?? ? @?J ?-G? ? I?@?, @? ? .
?@@? ? J @ @ @? I?@? @ H @
@ @?@? @ ; ? :
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@ @? ? @ F@ A - @ @G @
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@?@? @ ? ?? @H H? ?@? @
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? J? - J ? ?-@-? ? H ? G - H @ @ ? ? ?J4 ? ?
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@? @?@?. ? @ - C 6 - ? G @
@@? ? ?/@? @ G ? @ @H? ? 1 ( 18).
? @? @?, @? I?@? ? ? @?
@G I? @ "?? ?@? ? ? @? @
@? ? ?@ ?? @ ?G.
+AFO E? C@ (EC) @ ? @? @??-G ?@? @ ? 1997 ? @ G ? ?@@ ?@
G @?.
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3 SCOPE
? J ?? @ @@H? @K@?, -, -J@:
+@ ? @ G @ @ @ @K@?, - @? ? ?, ? ? @ ?@ . ?
? H ?, ? H @ @
G @.
@?@? - H @ H @? -? ? -@?? @ ? ? @??@? - @ @? @:
?-G ? ?? @ H @ H ?
H? H
? J ?J @ @ -@-? ? ?-@-? @??@?
- ? @ H? @? .
@?@? - @G? @ ? @ @ H @?@? -
J@? @ @ @?.
+ @ (eB+ 2790)
@ H @ (eB+ 8555)
@? > 2
@? > 3
AD
@ > 650 AD
H@? > 100@C
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4 FREQUENCY AND TESTS
4.1 TIMING OF EXAMINATIONS
4.1.1 First in-service examination
, ?-G, @? H @? ? @ ? ? H @
@ H? @ @ @? @ ?? ?@ ? F"E J
@ ? ? ?@ .
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? ? F@ A @ @G @ ?@?/H@ ? I?
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"G @ @?@? ?-G @? H @?
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G, C@? @? J @ I? .
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IG @@@?
?? @@G? @ ?
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@ @ H - ? @@?
@G?
J? ? G ?? @? @@? @ J H
@ H ? N@?/@O ? @? ?; ??
J? J ?? @? @ C@? @? H? ? @??@? ?J.*
4.1.2 Subsequent examination
@J @ ? D @ ? ? ? @
G? ? C 6. !@HG, @J @ ? ?@ I F"E J.
4.2 EXTENT OF EXAMINATION (see note to clause 4.3 on page 11)
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@? @ @ @ H H @ @ @@ @ ?-
H. "? @?, @? ? ? @ ? (@ @? ? @ ? @? G @) @ @ ? @
@ @ ?? H. A ?-G @? I?@? @ H,
? @ ? ? @ . K @H @ G? ? 1 ( 18) ? ? ?@ ; @HG,
K I @, @ GJ F"E J. (+
+@? 6.2.2.1)
* Reduction of inspection intervals should be considered where boilers operate with excessive thermal cycling -
ie burner on/off 50 times per day.
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WET BACK BOILER
Front Tube Plate
Tube Plate Rear Tube Plate
Wet BackReversalChamber
Wet BackReversalChamber Plate
Access Tube
Wet Back ReversalChamber Wrapper Plate
Furnace
Shell
Front Tube Plate
Rear Tube Plate
Reversal Chamber
Furnace
Shell
DRY BACK BOILER
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Welds to be tested 100% (4.2.1)
Key to figure 1
Welds to be tested 20% (4.2.2)
I? ? ? @ D, @ @ ?-G ? @ ?I?@?, @ @H? ? 4.2.1 ? 4.2.2.
4.2.1 Furnace-to-endplate and access tube attachment welds
@? H @? @G ? ? @ H ? ?J ? F 1 - @ @ ? @? H C 8.
4.2.2 Shell-to-endplate attachment welds
@? H @? - @ H ? J ?F 1 - @ @ ? @? H C 8.
Figure 1: Boiler types
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SEMI WET BACK BOILER
Front Tube Plate Tube Plate Rear Tube Plate
Semi WetBack ReversalChamber
Reversal ChamberWrapper Plate
Furnace
Shell
REVERSE FIRED BOILER
Furnace
Front Tube Plate
Rear Tube PlateShell
COAL FIRED BOILER
Furnace
Front Tube Plate Rear Tube PlateShell
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Welds to be tested 100% (4.2.1)
Key to figure 1
Welds to be tested 20% (4.2.2)
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A ? @ @ @ , H @ H ? I? ? 20%@ ? H. @ ?:
12 @'@ @@?.
Note
J @G @ @@?. ?@ @?J , @
@ ? @ @, @ I? @ H C@? @?.
I @O@ @@? H ? @ ?J ? @ @@ @
@
A @ ? @ ? H ? @- @ @ H? ?
"? @ - e @ - J @ @
? ? @ H @ I?@?.
4.2.3 Set on endplates
@@H? @? ? @ @, ? @? @ J @??
H? +B 1, @ ? @ @ @ ?? H @ the fullcircumference @ . @@H? ? :
A 0L ? @ ? @ H @@ @?
A? ? @ ?/ @ H @ @?
+ 2 ( 12).
4.3 ADDITIONAL TESTING / ASSESSMENT
" ?J @ I? G H I ? @ ?, ? ? @ H @ I?.
Note
"? @ ?? I? @ @? I?@? @? J ?
J I ? @ @? C@ @ C@?@?. " @ @? ?? ? @ @ ? @ ?@? ? @?@?;
@?@? ? ? - @ @? @ ?
? H - @ @ ? G.
D G H @ @ ? ? ?C 6, the ultrasonic operator should advise the owner/user immediately @
@ ? ? ? H C@? @?.
"? @ @ @ @H?/ @@? @.
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5 PREPARATION
5.1 RESPONSIBILITY
@H?/ @ @ @ I?@? ? G? @ ?? @
@? @@/??.
C?? ? G J H ? @ @ ? ?.
C? - ? ? ? @ ?@ J J @ @
H H @? ? @.
5.2 SHELL ATTACHMENT WELDS
?/?@? @ @G @ ? 200 @ @@? @
H() @ ( +@? 4.2) ? ? F 2 ? 2.
+? @? ? @ H H @ @ , I@ @ @@J ? - @ , ? ? - @ @? .
+@J ? ??@ @ @ @?J.
Figure 2a: NDT preparation areas
Figure 2b: NDT preparation areas for set-on end plates
Shell
25mm 200mm 200mm
200mm
Furnace
WatersideWaterside
These areas require to be cleaned
to bare metal before the ultrasonic
examination can be carried out
450 -700
450 -700
450 -700
00
Shell
Internal
Fillet Weld
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Note to Figure 2b: @? @@? ? @ set-on ?
. ? ?
@@J ?@ @G @ ? @
@ 200 @ @ @
?? H.
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5.3 FURNACE ATTACHMENT WELDS
A H@/ @G @ H() @ .
@ ? ? @ H() @ @ @@J
? @ ? @@? @ @ H @ 200 @? ?
? ? ? F 2 ? 2.
@ @@J ? @ ? @@? @ @ ? @ @ 200 @ @ @ ? ? H @
? @ ? @H? ? F 2 ? 2.
@? ? H @ @ @ ?.
5.4 ATTACHMENTS
", ? @ @ I?@? @ H, ?J ? @ HJ ??J -H @ @, -H? @ @ @ ? @G H
@ J ? @G H.
5.5 OTHER CONFIGURATIONS
+@ @ ?J ? $ G ? @?@? @ @?G?@? J @H ?.
5.5.1 Typical European manufactured single furnace wet back
?? ?@@ ? I? @ @? J@ @ . @ ? @?? @J H
? @G @? @ ? . ? ? @ @
@J ? ( ?@ @H? @@). G ? ? @ @?
? @ N@IO @?? @??@? ? ? . G @? @K@?J ? @ @ ? . @I
?@ @ ? @ @ H @?? ? J@J. @ G ?@ @ J
@ J @@ @ @ @?G?@? J ??.
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@@ @ @ @?G?@? J ??.
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@??? J? @? @ . @:
F@? ? @ ? H
F@? @ ?? H
@ ? ? H
A?@ @ @G
F? @ G ? H
G @ ? H
J H? @? / ?
20% (I @? @?@? H? ?)
100%
100%
@?J
@ I? @@?@? @H
&" I?@?
@?J
@?J
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5.5.2 Typical European manufactured twin furnace semi dry back
?? ?@@ H@ ? I? @ @? J
@ @ . @ ? @?? @J H? @G @? @ ? . ? ? @ @
@J ? ( ?@ @H? @@). G @J @G ? @ @?
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, @? J . ? H @J. ?
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? @ J J ? @ @@ @ @
@?G?@? J ??. @H @ @ J J ? ? ? ?? @ @? @? J
@ @ @ G H , @G? @ @ @
.
@? @ ? @?@? @ D G@ ? H
@??? J? @? @ . @:
F@? ? @ ? H
F@? @ ?? H
@ ? ? H
F? @ @ ? @ @ G ? H
G (@? ? )? H @
J H? @? / ? /H
20% (I @? @?@? H? ?)
100%
100%
@? @ ? @ @ I? @ @?@? @H
@?J
@?J
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6 ASSESSMENT OF DEFECTS
@@H? ? @ @?; @HG @ ?@ C@? @? @ ? @ ? @? @@@? ?
? ?J.
6.1 DEFECT TYPES
? H@ ? @ @ : ?
.
6.1.1 Surface defects
+ ? @ @ @ ?? H @ @@ @ ?-
H ? ? F 3. ?J H@ J @ :
? ?? @? - J ?:
?
@@ ?
@@ @?GJ
@G
@ @@ @?
F @ @@@?- ?
C? @ @ @@@?- ( @ ?@H? ?G@??J ) G@ ? G @ @? ?
, @ @?@? @ @.
Figure 3: Examples of surface defects
T
L L = 6mm Min
Defect at toe of
internal fillet weld
(Fig 3a)
Defect (a) at furnacetoe and defect (b)at tube plate toeof internal fillet weld(Fig 3b).
a t a
b
T
t
@@? @ F 3
= ?/ ? ()
= ? @ ? ()
/ = @ () = H K ()
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a
T
t
Incompletepenetration ofsingle sided weld
(Fig 3d)
a
T
t
Defect at root of
single sided weld
(Fig 3c)
6.1.2 Buried defects
B @ H? @J @ H ? - K@?
? ? F 4.
J @ @? @@? ? - @
H @?, ? ?@ H ?@? - ? @? @ ? ? @ ?-@-? @ ?-@- ?.
- @ ? @ H ?, H ? , ? ?
? G@ (G) - J ? @ @?@? ?
@? @?@? @ G? @ @? @ ? J ?? @? ?J @ @?
Figure 4: Example of buried defects
2a
T
L L = 6mm Min
t
Unwelded land
weld root crack
@@? @ F 4
= ?/ ? ()
= ? @ ? ()
2 = @ ()
= H K ()
@@? @ F 3
= ?/ ? ()
= ? @ ? ()
/ = @ ()
= H K ()
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6.2 ASSESSMENT
6.2.1 Surface defects
@ @ @ H @ @ @@ @ ?--
H , @ . @ G ? ? ? GJ @H H? @? H ?G@?? @.
+@H @@G? @ ? @ @ H J ? @
@@? @ @ @ @??@?. + @
J @ ? ?@ ? @ H ?J @ @@J @?@ ?@? ?G.
F@ ?- H @? @ @ B+2790 ?@ ?@? @ @ @@
@? @ I @ 2.5 - F 3 (F@
@? 6.2.2.3)
6.2.2 Buried defects
6.2.2.1 Set-in endplates
B @ ? 4 @ @ ? 1( 18).
B ? ?@ @? I?@? @H?/
? @G @?J G? ? G@J ? @?H @?@? ? ? ? K - 2 - @H
'&@?@' ? ? 1.
" K @H @ / ? ? 1 ? /4,
K @ @?@ @ H - 5 JJ ?G. " K @? @ @G @ ?, ? ?/@
. EI @ @ 1 G? ? A?I.
" @ @ ? 4 ( H ? ? 6)
@J ?? ? J @ ; ? @H K - 2 ? F 4 - @ ?@ I 4. (F@ ?
4 @ +@? 6.2.3)
6.2.2.2 Set-on endplates
"? @ -@? ? ? @ @ @?@?.
@ @? ? ? 1 ?:
= ? ? ()
= ? @ ? ()
2 = K
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L2
2
L1
5
(11;3)
(12;3)
(13;5)
(16;8)(21.25;8.8)
(32;8)
(24;10.6)
(36.25;11)
(36.9;12.5)
(37.5;14.0)
(24;11.8)
(Para 6.2.2.1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2a
T
P 1P
t18
20
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Monitor
Tube plate thickness T (mm)
(Co-ordinates of points)
S
ize2A(mm)
Monit
or
1.2T >t
1.1T >t
1.0T >t
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Graph 1B @ ? 4 @
1 6mm (see figures 3 & 4)
2 6mm
1 4mm
2 4mm
T = Endplate thickness
t = Shell/furnace thickness
2a = Defect size
Notes
1 ? ?@@? H? G @ /
.2 1 ? 2 ?@? ?@? ? @?J
? @ ? 4 @ . 6( 6.2.2.1) ? 0.7.
3 ? / < 1 G @ / = 1 @ .
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6.2.2.3 Access tubes
"? @ H? H G ? , H J J, ? ? J . "?
, @ @?, K - - ? ?- H @ 0.4
- F 3 ( 16).
Note
? @ @? @G ? @ @? @
? ? @ -@-? @ ?-@-? ?. F@ ??
@ ? @ H - J @? ? - @ ? ?.
6.2.3 Refined assessment
A @ ? ? - @?? ? B+ E 79106 - J @H K I @? ? +@? 6.2.2 @ ?.
"? :
@ , I?@? ? ? @ ?
?@ @? ? ??? ?
?? @? H @ @ ?@ ? ? @
? @ ()
?@? @? ? H @ ?@ I 100 / 2.
(+ @ , I?@? ? ? @ @ @? @?@? I @ @).
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7 REPAIRS
7.1 GENERAL
A ?? ? D @ @ @ ? @
C@? @? J? @. @? ? @ @ ? G? @ @? @ @ @?@?. F@ ?@@? @?
+A ? + 15, N @ @@? @ JO.
D @ ? @ ? J ?J @:
@?@? @ @ ?/@
? @
e @ @ @- H @ J @ @ .
"? G@? @ J C@? @? ? ?J @?
? @ ? ?J @ .
7.2 WELDING
@? ? H @ @? @ , @ @?
+?, @J @ J @ H @??; @ +? ?:
B+ E 287 17
B+ E "+ 15614-18
A+&E "9
7.3 PREFERRED TYPES OF REPAIR
"? @ J @ @ @ @ H @ @@ @
?- H (F 3 ? 3) @ NDO . F@ ? ?@ ( () ? F 3) H ?J ?J @ @G NDO @
? @ ? @ @ ? ? H .
? ? ?, @ I? @ ? @@@? @
? @ ?, J H @ @ @ ?.
+@H ? @ @@G? (
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8 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATIONS
8.1 OVERVIEW
@? @G ? @? H ?@J @ @ ?
I?@? ? +J +J @? (+" 2000 @ 128). @? @? C@? @? ? @ ? @
@ ? @? @@H - G? H? @ @ H@
@ J @ @?@?.
"? ?J ?? H ?? J C@? @? H@ ?J I? ? I @ @ ; ? H @? ?
@ J ?@ @?@?, C@? @? H @? @
?? J @:
D @?@? ? @? @@ @? @ @ H@
@ @J
@ @
.
@?@? @? ? @@H? @? ? @
C@? @? ? ? @G @? ? ? @ I?@?.
8.2 NDT ORGANISATIONS
+ @?@? H@ @ @? J @? e$A+ @?
@ B+ E "+ 17020 ?/@ @? J @? e@ B+ E "+ 9001.
8.3 ULTRASONIC OPERATORS
+J @ @@ H@ ? J @?@? @ @?, ?? ?
I?.
8.3.1 Qualifications
A@ G "" @? eC10 @ A+11 H @? @?@?.
8.3.2 Training
D@? G? @ ?? ? @? @ ?-G ? @ (+
C 6) ? ? ?@?-G ?.
8.3.3 Experience
D@? G? @ J? @ ?@?-G ? @ @
? G@? @ J ? I? G "" @@ H@ G@J ?.
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J ? ? @ H @
D @ @ ??:
J
?J
?
C@? @
?GJ
@ @ @@? ? e3 DAC @ B+ 3923A?I $12
@ @ ? I?@?
D @ ?J (+ F 3) @ ? ?@ H
D @ ?J @ H ?@? @ ?- H
D @ ?J (+ F 4) @ ? ?@ H .
8.7 NDT METHODS
@? ? @? @ @ G ?@?-G @ @@? ? K? J @ @ J @ @? -@-? ?
?-@-? @ @.
"? @?@? H C@? @?, @ @ e? ?@?
@ B+ E "+ 9934-113
J @ ? @? ?.
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? @ I?@? @ + B@ - +B 1
E@? 2 / #J 2012
24 @ 28
REFERENCES
1 We$d defec accea&ce $ee$+ f'* "&-+e* "ce &'& de+*c"e e0a%"&a"'& ' f +e-"&e&d$ae ' f*&ace a&d +!e$$ c'&&ec"' &+ 'f +!e$$ b'"$e*+, ! ? +J EIG,
? @ & 36, #?J 1984.
2 B+ 2790, Sec"f"ca"'& f'* de+"& a&d %a&fac*e 'f +!e$$ b'"$e*+ 'f /e$dedc'&+*c"'&, B +? "?@?, @?@?.
3 Safe ' f P*e++*e S+e%+, +J +J @? (+" 2000 @ 128)
! ? +J C@@? A@G C@ @ 122, !+E @@
4 P*"ae c'* *e+'&de&ce, !+E &? E??? +@?, 1991/2.
5 B+ 855, Sec"f"ca"'& f'* / e$ded b'"$e* + f'* ce&*a$ !ea"& a&d "&d"*ec !' /ae*
+$ (*aed ' 44KW ' 3M%W) , B +? "?@?, @?@?.
6 B+ E 7910, G"de ' %e!'d+ f'* a++e++"& !e acceab"$" 'f f$a/+ "& %ea$$"c
+*c*e+, B +? "?@?, @?@?.
7 B+ E 287, Q a$"f"ca"'& e+ ' f /e$de*+-f+"'& /e$d"&, B +? "?@?,
@?@?.
8 B+ E "+ 15614-1, Sec"f"ca"'& a&d a$"f"ca"'& 'f /e$d"& *'ced*e+ f'* %ea$$"c%ae*"a$+, B +? "?@?, @?@?.
9 We$d"& a&d B*a2"& Qa$"f"ca"'&+, B@ ? C@, A+&E +@? ",
A? +@J @ &? E??, H @, +A.
10 C/E/2011, Ge&e*a$ Re"*e%e&+ f'* Q a$"f"ca"'& a&d PC N C e*"f"ca"'& f'*
NDT Pe*+'&&e$.
11 Rec' %%e&ded *ac"ce SNT-TC -1A , Pe*+'&&e$ Qa$"f"ca"'& a&d Ce* "f"ca"'& "& NDE,A? +@J @ @?-DG ?, C@, @, +A.
12 B+ E 1714, N'& de+*c"e e+"& 'f /e$ded #'"&+. U$*a+'&"c e+"& 'f /e$ded
#' "&+ . B +? "?@?, @?@?.
13 B+ E "+ 9934-1, N'& de+*c"e e+"&. Ma&e"c a*"c$e e+"&. ?
?, B +? "?@?, @?@?.
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APPENDIX
C + ? A?I ? @ @? ? C 6 ? 1.
Case study 1
K @G / >1.2 ? ? 1 ? @ @
@ ? ? +@? 6.2.3.
Note
A I @ 13 ? @?@? H@ H@
@ @ ? @? I?@? GJ 5 J.
Case study 2
K @H / >1.2 ? ? 1 ? @ . " @
@G '@?@' ? ? @ @ ? @? I?@? GJ5 J.
25 6
32
20
13.5
7
13
10
16
8
? @ I?@? @ + B@ - +B 1
E@? 2 / #J 2012
25 @ 28
= 32
= 20
/ = 1.6
2 = 13.5
1 = 6
2 = 25
= 16
= 10
/ = 1.6
2 = 7
1 = 8
2 = 13
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Case study 3
K @H / >1.0 ? ? @ @H '@?@' ? ? 1. "
@ ? @ ?@ @ @? ?? .
Note
@? @ @ @ @? I?@? @ @
@ @ H.
Case study 4
< 6 ( 1 < 4) ? 2 > 4. (+
+@? 6.2.2.1)
18
20
20
4
6
12
16
5
518
? @ I?@? @ + B@ - +B 1
E@? 2 / #J 2012
26 @ 28
= 20
= 20
/ = 1.0
2 = 4
1 = 6
2 = 18
= 16
= 12
/ = 1.3
2 = 5
1 = 5
2 = 14
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Ground polished
and etched surface Endplate
Smoke tube
Defective
region
Macrograph
of Shell/Endplate
and tube connection
showing defect
propagation insusceptible
region
Section removed for
metallurgical investigation
Boiler
shell
Shell/End plate
weld (set-in)
C-HJ @? @ J @
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Safety Assessment Federation
? 4, F F@@70 +@ @
I
@?@?+8 1