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Maja Schlter
TIAS Summerschool Integrated Assessment
Osnabrck, July 2004
Approaches
toBiodiversity Management
Approaches
toBiodiversity Management
Fachbereich Mathematik/Informatik
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Contents
1. Definitions & Measures of Biodiversity
2. Threats to biodiversity
3. Benefits of biodiversity
4. Scale Issues in Biodiversity Assessment and Conservation
5. Biodiversity Management
6. Conclusions
Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions
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Definitions
Convention on Biological Diversity
variability among living organisms from all sources
including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystemsand the ecological complexes of which they are part
including diversity within species, between species and ofecosystems
the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region
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Biodiversity at Multiple Scales/Levels
Genetic Diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity
Functional Diversity
Diversity of ecological structures
(organisational structures e.g. food webs, spatial structure) Diversity of life history stages
Organisational levels
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Measures
About 1.75 million species identified. Best estimate at about 13 millionspecies, though estimates range from 3 to 100 million.
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Functional Diversity
Species matter so far as their individual traits and interactions
contribute to maintain the functioning of ecosystems andbiogeochemical cycles
-> assess functional types not species richness alone
Community Ecology: diversity is dependent variable controlledby abiotic conditions and ecosystem level constraints
Ecosystem Ecology: dominant species are biotic controllers ofecosystem level processes
-> New approaches: assess biodiversity as modulator ofecosystem processes
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Integration
(Naeem, 2002)
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Threats to biodiversity
Is mass extinction under way?
Causes:
destruction and fragmentation of habitats overexploitation of resources
introduced species
loss of genetic diversity
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Economic aspects of biodiversity
Needed for manufacture of food, pharmaceutical, andcosmetic products
Tourism
Ecosystem services such as e.g. pollination, cleaning of airand water, etc.
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Scale
Dominant ecosystem processchange with scale -> need for multi-scale biodiversity conservation
Self organisation: processesproduce patterns and are in turn
reinforced by those patterns Cross scale interactions
Holling 1986
Identification of patterns depends on the spatial scale at whichthey are measured/observed
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Scale of interactions
Hypothesized relationship between the scale of speciesinteractions and their membership in a functional group
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Scaling Laws
Scaling relations indicate that the system is controlled by one ormore first principles or a few rules that propagate across a widerange of scales
Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions
4
3
0MBB !
Allometric scaling of metabolic rate (B)
to body size (M):
zAS L!
Species Area relationship
Number of species S found in a specific area increaseswith the area size A as a power law:
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Scaling Laws
Species-area relationship (SAR) foundation for conservationpractice
SAR is used to scale up field measurements to broader spatial scale
Species-Time relationship similar?
-> Spatial and temporal processes are linked
e.g. time series depend on mechanisms of dispersal
Spatial structure of population depends on mechanisms of temporalpersistence
-> metapopulation theory
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Biodiversity at Multiple Scales
Biodiversity within one patch is different than between patches-> processes caused by interconnectivity influence dynamics
Interconnectivity (in floodplains): water flow connects in four
dimensions: longitudinal, lateral, vertical and temporal-> spatial heterogeneity of floodplains
Diversity is dependent on connectivity but this relationship doesnot show a clear dynamic
Causes and effects of a phenomenon may occur on levels that are
above or below the one analyzed
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Biodiversity
Assessment
&
Management
1976
1997
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Biodiversity Convention
Convention on Biological Diversity (1992, Earth Summit in Riode Janeiro)
Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions
Main goals:
conservation of biological diversity
sustainable use of its components
fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic
resources
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Biodiversity Management
Conservation often concerned with the protection ofindividual species, not biodiversity in itself
-> Biodiversity conservation should incorporate higher levels
of organisation
Conservation of species or habitats versus conservation of ecosystemprocesses (taxonomic view versus functional view)
Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions
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Issues of Scale
Assessment
What is the appropriate temporal scale for biodiversityassessment?
in biodiversity conservation
Management
Biodiversity in a habitat depends on the biodiversity of theneighbouring patches
To what extent do habitats have to be linked in order tosustain a population on the landscape level (throughimmigration after local extinction -> metapopulation viability)
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Scale of intervention
Progress made on
analysis of relationship between biodiversity and ecosystemprocesses
identifying functionally important species
Revealing underlying processes
But: uncertainty on how to scale results up to landscape and
regional level
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Conclusions
Biodiversity conservation should not solely focus on
a single taxonomic group
a single hierarchical level of diversity
or a single degree of connectivity
but instead on sustaining or restoring the dynamics of the system inorder to increase spatio-temporal heterogeneity
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Conclusions
Restoration strategies should be
process oriented
embedded in a framework that takes into account the drivingforces and their interactions
that operate atdifferent spatial and temporal scales
Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions