Download - Sign&;Symptom and Anatomy of Eye
EYE ANATOMY
Eye diagram
Eye Diagram
Cornea : powerful refracting surface, providing 2/3 of the eye's focusing powerConjunctiva is the thin, transparent tissue that covers the outer surface of the eye. It begins at the outer edge of the cornea, covering the visible part of the sclera, and lining the inside of the eyelids.
The vitreous is a thick, transparent substance that fills the center of the eye. It is composed mainly of water and comprises about 2/3 of the eye's volume.The retina is a multi-layered sensory tissue. 6 million cones.: best in bright light , allow us to see color. 125 million rods : spread throughout the peripheral retina and function best in dim lighting. The rods are responsible for peripheral and night vision.
Vitreous and Retina
The macula is responsible for our critical focusing vision. The fovea is the very center of the macula. The macula allows us to appreciate detail and perform tasks that require central vision such reading.
The choroid lies between the retina and sclera. It is composed of layers of blood vessels that nourish the back of the eye. The choroid connects with the ciliary body toward the front of the eye and is attached to edges of the optic nerve at the back of the eye.
The light rays are bent, refracted and focused by the cornea, lens, and vitreous. The lens' job is to make sure the rays come to a sharp focus on the retina.
Aqueous - ciliary body behind the iris - pupillary space - anterior chamber - angle structuresThe angle : filter called the trabecular meshwork. - tiny channel in the sclera called the Canal of Schlemm - the eye's blood vessels.
Anterior Chamber Angle Structures
Names of various eye conditions
OCULAR SYMPTOMS
& SIGNS
Burning & Irritation
More common : Blepharitis, dry-eye syndrome, conjunctivitis (discharge or eyelid sticking additionally).
Less common : Corneal problem (fluorescein staining of the cornea usually), inflamed pterygium/pinguecula, episcleritis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis
Blepharitis
Episcleritis
Pterygium
Pinguecula
Decreased VisionDecrease Vision
Transient visual loss Transient visual loss
Vision returns to normal within 24 hours, usually in 1 hr.
More common :More common : Few seconds (usually bilateral): Papilledema. Few minutes: Amaurosis fugax [transient ischemic attack
(TIA); unilateral]Vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency (bilateral).
10 to 60 minutes: Migraine (with or without a subsequent headache).
Transient visual lossTransient visual loss
Less commonLess common • Impending central retinal vein occlusion• Ischemic optic neuropathy • Ocular ischemic syndrome (carotid occlusive disease)• Glaucoma • Sudden change in blood pressure • Central nervous system (CNS) lesion• Giant cell arteritis
Visual loss lasting longer than 24 hrs
Sudden, painless loss. More common :Retinal artery or vein occlusionIschemic optic neuropathyVitreous hemorrhage Retinal DetachmentOptic neuritis
Less common :Other retinal or CNS disease.
Retinal Detachment
Central retinal Vein occlusion
Gradual, painless lossGradual, painless loss
Over weeks, months, or yearsMore common : • Cataract • Refractive error• Open-angle glaucoma • Chronic retinal disease [age-related macular
degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy]Less common : • Chronic corneal disease (e.g., corneal dystrophy)• Optic neuropathy/atrophy (e.g., CNS tumor).
Note : Always remember nonphysiologic visual loss.
Painful loss
• Acute angle-closure glaucoma• Optic neuritis (pain with eye movements)• Uveitis• Corneal hydrops (keratoconus).
Red EyeRed Eye
Discharge present
More common : Conjunctivitis, Ophthalmia neonatorum in infants, Blepharitis.
Less common: Acute allergic reaction, Dacryocystitis, Canaliculitis.
Marginal Ulcer
Fungal Keratitis
Bacterial Keratitis• Decrease vision• Pain• conj. Inflammation• corneal Ulcer• mucopurulent exudation w
ith stromal suppuration• A/C Hypopyon
Risk factors: trauma, older age, preexisting ocular disease, contact lens wear, contaminated ocular medication, surgery and systemic disease
No discharge present. More common : Subconjunctival hemorrhage, injected pterygium/ pingueculum, blepharitis, dry-eye syndrome.
Red Eye
PainPain
Pain (Ocular) Typically mild to moderate
• Dry-eye syndrome• Blepharitis• Conjunctivitis• Episcleritis• Inflamed pingueculum or pterygium• Foreign body (corneal or conjunctival)• Corneal disorder (superficial punctate keratitis)
Pain (Ocular) Typically moderate to severe:
• Corneal disorder (abrasion, erosion, infiltrate/ulcer)• Anterior uveitis• Scleritis• Acute angle-closure glaucoma.
• Sinusitis• Dry eyes• Orbital pseudotumor• Optic neuritis• Diabetic cranial nerve palsy.
Pain (orbital)
Photophobia
More common :Corneal abnormality (e.g., abrasion or edema) or anterior uveitis.
Less common: Conjunctivitis (mild photophobia), posterior uveitis, albinism, total color blindness, aniridia.
With normal eye examination: Migraine, meningitis, retrobulbar optic neuritis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, trigeminal neuralgia, or a lightly pigmented eye.
Distortion (of Vision)Distortion (of Vision)
Cataract, topical eye drops (miotics),Retinal detachmentMigraine (transient)CNS abnormality.
More common :Refractive errorMacular disease (e.g., central serous chorioretinopathy or AMD), Corneal irregularity
Less common :
Double Vision
Monocular Diplopia (The double vision remains when the uninvolved eye is occluded.)
More common: Refractive error, corneal opacity or irregularity, cataract.
Less common : Dislocated natural lens or lens implant, extra pupillary openings, macular disease, retinal detachment, nonphysiologic.
Binocular Diplopia
Typically intermittent: • Myasthenia gravis,
• Intermittent decompensation of an existing phoria.
(double vision is eliminated when either eye is occluded.)
Constant:• Isolated sixth-, third-, or
fourth-nerve palsy; • Orbital disease (e.g.,
thyroid eye disease, orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, tumor);
• Cavernous sinus/superior orbital fissure syndrome;
• Internuclear ophthalmoplegia,
• Other CNS lesions,
• Status post ocular surgery (e.g., residual anesthesia, displaced muscle);
• Status post trauma (e.g., orbital wall fracture with extraocular muscle entrapment, orbital edema);
• Spectacle problem.
Binocular double vision
Eyelid Crusting
More common: Blepharitis, meibomianitis, conjunctivitis.
Less common: Canaliculitis, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, dacryocystitis.
Eyelid Swelling
Associated with inflammation (usually erythematous)
More common :Hordeolum, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, preseptal or orbital cellulitis, trauma, contact dermatitis.Less common:Ectropion, corneal abnormality, urticaria/angioedema, insect bite, dacryoadenitis, erysipelas, eyelid or lacrimal gland mass.
Eyelid Swelling
Noninflammatory: • Chalazion• prolapse of orbital fat• laxity of the eyelid skin• cardiac, renal, or thyroid disease• eyelid or lacrimal gland mass.
• Fatigue, lack of sleep• Excess caffeine • Habit• Corneal or conjunctival
irritation (especially from an eyelash or cyst)
• Dry eye
• Blepharospasm (bilateral)• Hemifacial spasm • Albinism
Eyelid Twitch
Foreign-Body Sensation
Dry-eye syndrome, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, trichiasis, corneal abnormality (e.g., corneal abrasion or foreign body, recurrent erosion, superficial punctate keratitis), contact lens–related problem, episcleritis, pterygium, or pinguecular
Itchy Eye
Conjunctivitis (especially viral, vernal, and allergic), blepharitis, dry-eye syndrome, topical drug allergy or contact dermatitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis or another contact lens–related problem.
More common : Retinal break or detachment, posterior vitreous detachment, migraine, rapid eye movements (particularly in darkness).Less common: CNS (particularly occipital lobe) disorders
Flashes of Light
Retinal Detachment
Transient : Migraine. Permanent or long-standing. More common : Posterior vitreous detachment, posterior uveitis, vitreous hemorrhage, vitreous condensations/debris. Less common : Retinal detachment, corneal opacity.
Spots in Front of the Eyes
Night Blindness
More common : Refractive error (especially undercorrected myopia), advanced glaucoma, small pupil (especially from miotic drops), retinitis pigmentosa, congenital stationary night blindness, drugs (e.g., pheno-thiazines, chloroquine, quinine).
Less common : Vitamin A deficiency, gyrate atrophy, choroideremia.
Halos Around Lights
• Cataract• Acute angle-closure glaucoma• Corneal edema from another cause (e.g., corneal
endothelial dystrophy, aphakic/pseudophakic bullous keratopathy)
Tearing
Adults.
Pain present : Corneal abnormality (e.g., abrasion, foreign body/rust ring, recurrent erosion, edema), anterior uveitis, eyelash (trichiasis, entropion), cyst, or foreign body rubbing against the cornea, conjunctival abnormality (e.g., foreign body, laceration).
Tearing
Minimal or no pain present: Dry eye-syndrome, blepharitis, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, punctal occlusion or other tear drainage abnormality, ectropion, conjunctivitis (especially allergic and toxic), lacrimal sac mass or inflammation. Children:
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction, congenital glaucoma, corneal or conjunctival foreign body or other irritative disorder.
Adults.
Proptosis: Exophthalmos
Thyroid eye disease (Eyelid retraction and eyelid lag. Painless unless exposure keratopathy develops. Often bilateral. CT scan: Thickening of the extraocular muscles without involvement of the associated tendons.)
• Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor • Orbital cellulitis • Orbital tumors • Lacrimal gland tumors • Trauma (e.g., intraorbital foreign body, retrobulbar
hemorrhage; Orbital vasculitis• Mucormycosis• Varix
Proptosis: Exophthalmos
OCULAR SIGNS
Hypopyon
• Infectious corneal ulcer• Endophthalmitis• Severe iritis• Reaction to an intraocular lens or retained lens
protein after cataract surgery• Intraocular tumor necrosis [e.g., retinoblastoma (a
pseudohypopyon)]
•Band Keratopathy
•Arcus senilis
•Dilated Episcleral Vessels (in the Absence of Ocular Irritation or Pain)
Underlying uveal melanoma, Arteriovenous fistula (e.g., carotid–cavernous fistula), Polycythemia vera, leukemia, Ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus thrombosis.
Membranous Conjunctivitis
(Removal of the membrane is difficult and causes bleeding).
Streptococci pneumococci; chemical burn;
ligneous conjunctivitis; Corynebacterium
diphtheriae; adenovirus or herpes simplex virus.
Pseudomembranous Conjunctivitis
(Removal of the membrane is easy, and no bleeding results.)All of the causes of membranous conjunctivitis, as well as ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, gonococci, staphylococci, chlamydia in newborns, and others.
Gonococcal Conjunctivitis
Pannus (Superficial Vascular Invasion of the Cornea)
Tight contact lens or contact lens overwear, phlyctenule, chlamydia (trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis), superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (micropannus only), staphylococcal hypersensitivity, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, herpes simplex virus, chemical burn, aniridia.
Large Papillae on the Superior Tarsus
Vernal or atopic conjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, exposed suture, prosthesis-induced trachoma, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (fine papillae).
Symblepharon :
Fusion of the Palpebral Conjunctiva with Bulbar Conjunctiva
Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, chemical burn, trauma, drugs, long-standing inflammation, epidermic keratoconjunctivitis, atopic conjunctivitis, radiation.
Eyelid Edema or SwellingMore common Orbital fat herniation from aging, conjunctivitis, allergy, chalazion, orbital disease.
Less common Cardiac disease, renal disease, urticaria/angioneurotic edema, dacryoadenitis, hypothyroidism, superior vena cava syndrome.
Eyelid Lesion
• Dermatochalasis, • Brow ptosis • Enophthalmos (traumatic blow-out fracture)• Phthisis bulbi, microphthalmia (small eye)• Chalazion or other eyelid tumor, eyelid edema
Pseudoptosis
More common : Aging (e.g., levator dehiscence)Following intraocular surgery or traumaCongenital.
Less common : Myasthenia gravisHorner’s syndromeThird-nerve palsy
Ptosis
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), Stargardt’s diseaseCone dystrophyChloroquine retinopathy
Bull’s-Eye Macular Lesion
Cotton-Wool Spots, Without Other Abnormalities (White Fluffy Lesions with Feathered Edges, Often Obscuring Retinal Vessels)
More common Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) retinopathy, hypertension, diabetes, collagen–vascular disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), retinal artery/arteriole occlusion.
Less common Retinal vein occlusion, cardiac valvular disease, carotid artery obstruction, chest trauma (Purtscher’s retinopathy), anemia, leukemia, lymphoma.
CMV retinitis
Embolus
Amaurosis Fugax, Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion or Central Retinal Artery Occlusion• Platelet-fibrin [dull gray and elongated (as opposed to round)]: Carotid disease.• Cholesterol (sparkling yellow, usually at an arterial bifurcation: Carotid disease). • Calcium (dull white, typically around or on the disc: Cardiac disease).
Macular Exudates
More common Diabetes, choroidal (subretinal) neovascular membrane, hypertension.
Less common Macroaneurysm, Coats’ disease (children), peripheral retinal capillary hemangioma, retinal vein occlusion, papilledema, radiation.
Normal Fundus in the Presence of Decreased Vision
Retrobulbar optic neuritis Cone degenerations Stargardt’s disease Fundus flavimaculatus Other optic neuropathy (tumor, alcohol/tobacco) Rod monochromatism Amblyopia Nonphysiologic visual loss
Neovascularization Neovascularization of the Irisof the Iris Diabetic retinopathy Central retinal vein or artery occlusion Branch retinal vein occlusion Ocular ischemic syndrome (carotid occlusive disease) Chronic uveitis Chronic retinal detachment Intraocular tumor (e.G., Retinoblastoma) Other retinal vascular disease
Neuroophthalmic Abnormalities
Afferent Pupillary Defect
Severe (2 to 3+): Optic nerve disease (e.g., ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, tumor, glaucoma); central retinal artery or vein occlusion; less commonly, a lesion of the optic chiasm/tract. Mild (1+): Any of the above, amblyopia, macular degeneration, branch retinal vein or artery occlusion, retinal detachment, or other retinal disease.
Anisocoria (Pupils of Different Sizes)
Without exophthalmos • Isolated third-, fourth-, or sixth-nerve palsy; multiple
ocular motor nerve palsies • Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome• Myasthenia gravis; chronic progressive external
ophthalmoplegia; orbital blow-out fracture with muscle entrapment; ophthalmoplegic migraine
Duane’s syndrome
Limitation of Ocular Motility
Optic Disc Atrophy
More common : Glaucoma; following central retinal vein or artery occlusion; ischemic optic neuropathy; chronic optic neuritis; chronic papilledema; compression of the optic nerve, chiasm, or tract by a tumor or aneurysm; traumatic optic neuropathy.
Less common : Syphilis, retinal degeneration (e.g., retinitis pigmentosa), toxic/metabolic optic neuropathy, Leber’s optic atrophy, Leber’s congenital amaurosis, retinal storage disease radiation neuropathy, congenital or hereditary optic atrophy (nystagmus almost always present in the congenital forms).
Optic Disc Swelling (Edema)Optic Disc Swelling (Edema)
Swollen, hyperemic disc, blurring of disc margin: Papilledema• Intracranial tumor• Hydrocephalus• Pseudotumor cerebri• Intracranial hematoma & hemorrhage• Brain abscess• Meningitis & encephalitis• DDX: HT retinopathy, papillitis, tumor, diabetic
Extraocular Muscle Extraocular Muscle Thickening on CT ScanThickening on CT Scan
More common : Thyroid orbitopathy, orbital inflammatory pseudotumor.
Less common : Tumor lymphoma, metastasis, or spread of lacrimal gland tumor to muscle), carotid–cavernous fistula, cavernous hemangioma (usually appears in the muscle cone without muscle thickening), rhabdomyosarcoma
OrbitOrbit
Pediatrics(White Pupillary Reflex)• Retinoblastoma• Toxocariasis• Coat’s Disease• Congenital cataract• ROP
Leukocoria
Nystagmus in Infancy
Congenital nystagmus, albinism, Leber’s congenital amaurosis, CNS (thalamic) injury, spasmus nutans, optic nerve or chiasmal glioma, optic nerve hypoplasia, congenital cataracts, aniridia, congenital corneal opacities.
Refractive Problems
Progressive HyperopiaOrbital tumor pressing on the posterior surface of the eye, serous elevation of the retina (e.g., central serous chorioretinopathy), posterior scleritis, presbyopia, hypoglycemia, cataracts.
Progressive MyopiaHigh (pathologic) myopia, diabetes, cataract, use of miotic drops, staphyloma and elongation of the globe, medications (e.g., sulfa drugs, tetracycline), childhood (physiologic).
Asteroid hyalosis
Synchysis scintillans
Vitreous hemorrhage
Vitritis or posterior uveitis
Pars planitis
Sarcoidosis
Age-related vitreous degeneration
Vitreous OpacitiesVitreous Opacities