Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 1 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Useful Handouts Index
Table # Title Page
1 Stages of Stand Development 2 2 Methods of Regeneration Toolbox 3 3 Stand Establishment Treatments Toolbox 3 4 Intermediate Treatments Toolbox 3 5 Application of Even Aged Methods of Regeneration 4 6 Application of Uneven Aged Methods of Regeneration 5 7 Seed-Tree & Shelterwood Overwood Density for Southern Pines 6 8 Stocking densities for newly regenerated stands 6 9 Sowing Rates for Direct Seeding Southern Pines 7
10 Costs of Common Site Prep Treatments in East Texas 7 11 Costs of Pine Seedlings 8 12 Costs of Hardwood Seedlings 8 13 Site Preparation Prescription Guidelines 9 14 Quantitative Silviculture 9 15 Max SDI for Common Southern Forest Types 10 16 Max Stocking by Silvics 10 17 Thinning Effects on d/D 10 18 Typical Stocking and Growth Rates for Southern Forests 10 19 Minimum Requirements for Thinning in Southern Pines 11 20 Product Classes and Stumpage Prices in East Texas 11 21 Approximate Loblolly Pine Thinning Schedule for East Texas 11 22 Characteristics of the Six Most Commonly Used Forest Herbicides 12 23 Application Information for the Six Most Commonly Used Forest Herbicides 13 24 Information for Nine Less Commonly Used Forest Herbicides 14 25 Control Spectra for the Six Most Commonly Used Forest Herbicides 15 26 Pre-Mixed Herbicide Products Used In Forestry 15 27 Fertilizers Used in Southern Pine Plantation Silviculture 15 28 Timber value of bottomland hardwoods by shade tolerance 16 29 Timber value of bottomland hardwoods by flood tolerance 17 30 Timber value of bottomland hardwoods 18 31 Texas Forest Service Volume Conversion Factors 18 32 Pine Sawtimber Volume Table 19 33 Hardwood Sawtimber Volume Table 20 34 Pine Pulpwood and Chip-N-Saw Volume Table 21 35 Hardwood Pulpwood Volume Table 22 36 Pole classification for standing southern yellow pines 23
Figure # Title Page
1 Site index curves for naturally regenerated loblolly pine stands 24 2 Site index curves for naturally regenerated longleaf pine stands 25 3 Site index curves for naturally regenerated shortleaf pine stands 26 4 Site index curves for naturally regenerated slash pine stands 27 5 Site index curves for unmanaged loblolly pine plantations 28 6 Site index curves for unmanaged slash pine plantations 29 7 Site index curves for naturally regenerated green ash stands 30 8 Site index curves for naturally regenerated sweetgum stands 31 9 Site index curves for naturally regenerated water oak stands 32
10 Modified Gingrich-style stocking guide for loblolly pine stands 33 11 Modified Gingrich-style stocking guide for yellow pine stands 34 12 Gingrich stocking guide for bottomland hardwoods QMD < 9 in 35 13 Gingrich stocking guide for bottomland hardwoods QMD > 9 in 36
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 2 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 1. Stages of Stand Development Stage Key Processes Key Structures
Stand initiation
Stand initiating disturbance(s)
Establishment of new cohort o Colonization by new seed o Germination from seed bank
Little nutrient limitation
Rapid growth
Live trees
Disturbance or harvest debris
Legacy trees
100% live crown ratios
Stem exclusion
Canopy closure
Competitive exclusion of understory
Crown differentiation
Density DEPENDENT mortality
Lower canopy tree loss
Self pruning
Nutrient limitations develop
<100% live crown ratios
Vertically differentiated canopy
Heavily shaded understory
Understory reinitiation
Density INDEPENDENT mortality
Canopy gap initiation
Understory redevelopment
Establishment of shade tolerant spp.
Maturation of pioneer cohort
Canopy elaboration
Nutrient limitations persist
Understory herbaceous layer
Shade tolerant cohort
Few smaller gaps
Some standing dead trees
Some large woody debris
Some uproots
Old growth
Canopy gap expansion
Uprooting
Live tree decadence (poor form)
Development of large branches
Pioneer cohort loss
Nutrient limitations decline as organic matter accumulates
Large diameter live trees
Large branches
Rich epiphyte communities
Continuous vertical foliar profile
More standing dead trees
More large woody debris
More uproots
Horizontally patchy forest
Large gaps
Dense establishment in old gaps Stages from: Oliver, C. D., and B. C. Larson. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics, update edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York,
NY. pp: 520.
Processes and structures modified from: Franklin, J. F., T. A. Spies, R. V. Pelt, A. B. Carey, D. A. Thornburgh, D. R. Berg, D. B. Lindenmayer, M. E. Harmon, W. S. Keeton, D. C. Shaw, K. Bible, and J. Chen. 2002. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management 155:399-423.
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 3 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 2. Methods of Regeneration Toolbox Favors shade intolerant spp. ↔ Favors shade tolerant spp.
Even Aged Clearcut Seed-tree Shelterwood
Two Aged --------------- + Deferment ---------------
-------------------------------With reserves-------------------------------
Uneven Aged Patch selection Group selection Single tree selection
Table 3. Stand Establishment Treatments Toolbox
Table 4. Intermediate Treatments Toolbox
Category Objective Treatment
Site Preparation: Slash Management: Shear Chop Rake Pile Windrow (not recommended) Prescribed Burn Soil Physical Manipulation: Bedding Disking Ripping Subsoiling Combination Plowing Scarification Site Resource Manipulation: Fertilizer Application Herbaceous Competition Control Woody Competition Control Prescribed Burn
Natural Regeneration: Regenerate Site: See Methods of Regeneration
Artificial Regeneration: Direct Seeding: Broadcast Seed Application Row Seed Application Spot Seed Application Planting: Machine Plant Hand Plant
Category Objective Treatment
Density Management: Thinning: Geometric Thin Low Thin High Thin Selection Thin Free Thin
Timber Stand Improvement: Resource Management: Midrotation Fertilizer Application Herbaceous Competition Control Woody Competition Control Prescribed Burn Sawlog Improvement: Pruning
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 4 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 5. Application of Even Aged Methods of Regeneration CLEARCUT SEED-TREE SHELTERWOOD
Shade tolerance of species to be regenerated
Very intolerant Intolerant
Very Intolerant Intolerant
Intolerant Intermediate
Tolerant
Number of Cuts 1 2 3
Cut 1 Clearcut Seed-Tree Cut Preparatory Cut
Cut 1 Goal Regenerate stand
Cut everything except evenly spaced, high quality seed-trees to achieve regeneration
Remove undesirable species, improve health of seed-trees, remove hazard
trees or snags
Cut 1 Residual BA (ft2/ac) <5 (all noncommercial) 5-25 80-160
Cut 1 Residual TPA <20 (all noncommercial) 4-30 100-300
Cut 2 --- Final / Removal Cut Establishment Cut
Cut 2 Goal ---
Remove seed-trees from regenerated and fully
stocked stand within five years
Leave high quality seed-trees to achieve
regeneration and moderate the light
environment
Cut 2 Residual BA (ft2/ac) --- 0; new cohort established 25-100
Cut 2 Residual TPA --- 0; new cohort established 25-150
Cut 3 --- --- Final / Removal Cut
Cut 3 Goal --- ---
Remove overwood from regenerated and fully stocked stand within 5
years of establishment cut
Cut 3 Residual BA (ft2/ac) --- --- 0; new cohort established
Cut 3 Residual TPA --- --- 0; new cohort established
Common Modifications to Method
Cleancut Overstory Removal
Clearcut with reserves
(2 aged)
Uniform, Group
Seed-tree deferment Seed-tree with reserves
( 2 aged)
Uniform, Strip, Group, Modified, 1-Cut, Irregular, Shelterwood deferment,
Shelterwood with reserves (last two are 2 aged)
Clearcutting*: A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class develops in a fully exposed microclimate after removal, in a single cutting, of all trees in the previous stand. Regeneration is from natural seeding, direct seeding, planted seedlings, and/or advance reproduction. In the clearcutting system, the management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists of the individual clearcut stand. When the primary source of regeneration is advance reproduction, the preferred term is Overstory Removal.
Seed Tree*: An even-aged regeneration method in which a new age class develops from seeds that germinate in fully exposed microenvironments after removal of all the previous stand except a small number of trees left to provide seed. Seed trees are removed after regeneration is established.
Shelterwood*: A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class develops beneath the moderated microenvironment provided by the residual trees. The sequence of treatments can include three distinct types of cuttings: (1) an optional preparatory cut to enhance conditions for seed production; (2) an establishment cut to prepare the seed bed and to create a new age class; and (3) a removal cut to release established regeneration from competition with the overwood. Cutting may be done uniformly throughout the stand (Uniform Shelterwood), in groups or patches (Group Shelterwood), or in strips (Strip Shelterwood).
*Definitions from: Adams, D. L., J. D. Hodges, D. L. Loftis, J. N. Long, R. S. Seymour, and J. A. Helms. 1994. Silviculture Terminology with Appendix of Draft Ecosystem Management Terms. Silviculture Instructors Subgroup of the Silviculture Working Group of the Society of American Foresters. Located at: http://oak.snr.missouri.edu/silviculture/silviculture_terminology.htm Accessed on: 7/29/2011.
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FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 6. Application of Uneven Aged Methods of Regeneration PATCH SELECTION GROUP SELECTION SINGLE TREE SELECTION
Shade tolerance of species to be regenerated
Very Intolerant Intolerant
Intermediate
Intolerant Intermediate
Tolerant
Tolerant Very Tolerant
Individual Selection Unit > 2× dominant tree height < 2× dominant tree height Single trees Size Typically 1-5 acres Typically < 1 acre Typically < 1/20 acre
Method Advantages
Periodic timber income Harvests more practical
Least damage to residuals Easy to mark
Periodic timber income Mimics gap disturbances Record keeping simpler
Periodic timber income Mimics dens. ind. mort. Record keeping simplest
Risk of highgrading
Method Disadvantages Frequent entries
Difficult record keeping
Frequent entries More damage to residuals
More difficult to mark
Frequent entries Most damage to residuals
Most difficult to mark
Regulation Technique 1 Structural (Diameter Distribution) Regulation
Technique 1 Goal To create an all-aged stand with specified structural attributes or diameter distribution. Most commonly applied to single tree selection, more difficult to apply to the other methods given the spatial distribution of trees of different sizes.
Examples BDq: Basal area, Diameter limit, q-factor
Regulation Technique 2 Volume Regulation
Technique 2 Goal
To manage on a sustained yield basis and maximize periodic income by removing the allowable growth each cutting cycle from a balanced all-aged stand. Most commonly applied to group selection, could be applied to patch selection, difficult to apply to single tree selection.
Examples VGDL: Volume Guiding Diameter Limit
Regulation Technique 3 Area Regulation
Technique 3 Goal
To manage on a sustained yield basis by harvesting a specific percentage of the area of a stand in each cutting cycle. Very easy to apply to patch or group selection if stand is large enough to allow a merchantable harvest for the desired cutting cycle and rotation length.
Examples Patch or Group Area = cutting cycle / rotation length
Common modifications or other names of method
Patch Clearcutting w/ Reserves
w/ Reserves
Patch Selection: A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which trees are removed, and new age classes are established, in large groups. The maximum width of groups is greater than twice the height of the mature trees, with large openings providing microenvironment suitable for intermediate to very intolerant regeneration. In the Patch Selection System, the management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists of a landscape containing an aggregation of patches.
Group Selection*: A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which trees are removed, and new age classes are established, in small groups. The maximum width of groups is approximately twice the height of the mature trees, with small openings providing microenvironment suitable for tolerant regeneration and the larger openings providing conditions suitable for more intolerant regeneration. In the Group Selection System, the management unit or stand in which regeneration, growth, and yield are regulated consists of a landscape containing an aggregation of groups.
Single Tree Selection*: A method of creating new age classes in uneven-aged stands in which individual trees of all size classes are removed more-or-less uniformly throughout the stand to achieve desired stand structural characteristics.
*Definitions from: Adams, D. L., J. D. Hodges, D. L. Loftis, J. N. Long, R. S. Seymour, and J. A. Helms. 1994. Silviculture Terminology with
Appendix of Draft Ecosystem Management Terms. Silviculture Instructors Subgroup of the Silviculture Working Group of the Society of
American Foresters. Located at: http://oak.snr.missouri.edu/silviculture/silviculture_terminology.htm Accessed on: 7/29/2011.
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 6 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 7. Recommended Stand Density for Establishment Cuts of Seed-tree & Shelterwood Methods of Regeneration for Southern Pines
SEED-TREE SHELTERWOOD
Species DBH
(inches) Density
(TPA) Basal Area (ft
2/acre)
Basal Area (ft
2/acre)
loblolly
10 12 6.5 20-60
12 9 7.1 20-60
14 6 6.4 20-60
16+ 4 5.6+ 20-60
shortleaf
10 20 10.9 30-60
12 14 11.0 30-60
14 12 12.8 30-60
16+ 12 16.8+ 30-60
slash
10 12 6.5 20-60
12 9 7.1 20-60
14 6 6.4 20-60
16+ 4 5.6+ 20-60
longleaf**
10
30-60
12
30-60
14
30-60
16+
30-60
**Perform cone count prior to establishment cut (1000 cones / acre; 35-50 cones / tree; 50,000 seeds / acre)
Modified from: Beaufait, W., Laird, P.P., Newton, M., Smith, D.M., Tubbs, C.H., Wellner, C.A., Williston, H.L., 1984. Silviculture. In: Wenger, K.F. (Ed.), Forestry Handbook. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 413-455.
Table 8. Suggested Acceptable Stocking Densities for Common Types of Newly
Regenerated Stands in the South
*Free to grow longleaf pine seedlings that begin height growth.
Belli, K., L., Hart, C. P., Hodges, J. D., & Stanturf, J. (1999). Assessment of the regeneration potential of red oaks and ash on minor bottoms of Mississippi. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 23, 133-138.
Franklin, R. M. (2008). Stewardship of longleaf pine forests: A guide for landowners Longleaf Alliance Report No. 2 (pp. 63). Clemson, SC: Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service.
NRCS. (2008). Natural regeneration of southern pines (pp. 2): Alabama Job Sheet No. AL 612A. USDA-FS. (1981). The Yazoo-Little Tallahatchie flood prevention project: Reforestation procedures for erosion control: U.S. Dept.
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area.
Species Regen Source
Initial Spacing (ft)
Acceptable Stocking (TPA)
Age (year) Source
Loblolly, Slash, Shortleaf Pine Natural 1,000 – 2,500 1 (NRCS 2008) 500 – 800 2 (NRCS 2008)
Loblolly Pine Artificial 6 x 6 600 (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981) 7 x 8 400 (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981) 6 x 10 350 (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981) 8 x 10 225 (50%) 1 (USDA-FS 1981)
Longleaf Pine Natural 3,000 – 6,000 1 (Franklin 2008) 1,000 – 1,500 3-10* (Franklin 2008) Artificial various 200 – 500 1 (Franklin 2008)
Bottomland Hardwoods Natural 75 – 100 2-5 (Belli et al. 1999)
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 7 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 9. Recommended Sowing Rates for Direct Seeding Southern Pines1 Species Seeds / lb Sowing Method Sowing Rate Per Acre
Number
Number Pounds*
longleaf 4,700
Broadcast 15,000 3.24
Rows** 2,900 0.63
Spots*** 4,350 0.94
slash 14,500
Broadcast 14,000 1.11
Rows** 2,900 0.23
Spots*** 4,350 0.35
loblolly 18,400
Broadcast 12,000 0.75
Rows** 2,150 0.14
Spots*** 3,650 0.23
shortleaf 48,000
Broadcast 20,000 0.48
Rows** 4,350 0.10
Spots*** 5,800 0.14
* Weights based on stratified repellent-treated seed that are 100% sound. ** Rows 10 feet apart for all species. Spacing within rows: 1.5 feet for longleaf & slash, 2.0 feet for loblolly, and 1.0 feet for shortleaf *** Spots spaced 6 x 10 feet, 6 seed per spot for longleaf and slash, 5 per spot for loblolly,
8 per spot for shortleaf
1
Source: Campbell, T.E. 1982. Guidelines for direct seeding. In: How to help landowners with forest regeneration. Jackson, MS: Mississippi Forestry Commission; and Atlanta: USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, State and Private Forestry. pp. 20-26.
Table 10. Costs of Common Site Prep Treatments in East Texas in 2014* Treatment Cost / Acre Notes
Site
Pre
p
3-1 Plow $160 One Pass: Rip, Disk, Bed Shear $145 D8 V-Blade No Plow
Shear + Bed $250 Two Pass Roller Chop $150 Only if slash extremely abundant
Prescribed Burn $50 Variable due to fire line length Pile Burn $25 Good option on erodible soils
Wee
d
Co
ntr
ol Spring Herbaceous Control
$25 Aerial application $40 Ground application
Hardwood Control $65 Aerial application $85 Ground application
Pla
nti
ng Establishment Fertilizer $100 Aerial application, DAP for phosphorus
Hand Plant $45
Machine Plant $80 Can sometimes also shear in one pass *Costs are based on economies of scale realized by large landowners. Costs are often higher when managing smaller tracts.
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 8 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 11. Costs of Pine Seedlings for the 2015-16 Planting Season Company Species Description Cost ($/1000) bareroot (containerized)
Arborgen Loblolly or Slash OP Advanced 57 (157)* OP Select 67 (170)* OP Elite 79 (179)*
Loblolly MCP** Advanced 152 (252) MCP Select 179 (275) MCP Elite 215 (315) Varietal 320 (420)
Longleaf OP Native N/A (225) OP Improved N/A (235)
Shortleaf OP Native 60 (N/A)
IFCO Loblolly OP Simple Start N/A (120) OP Essential N/A (160) CMP** Plus N/A (230)
Slash OP Simple Start N/A (125) OP Essential N/A (135) OP Plus N/A (145)
Longleaf OP Essential N/A (190) OP Plus N/A (215)
Shortleaf OP Essential N/A (145)
*Containerized for slash only for these genetic entries. **MCP and CMP are mass control and control
mass pollenated, respectively
Table 12. Costs of Hardwood Seedlings for the 2015-16 Planting Season Company Species Groups Common Name Cost ($/1000)
Arborgen
Oaks
cherrybark, northern red, Nuttall, pin, sawtooth, shumard, southern red, swamp chestnut, swamp white, water, white, willow
250
black, bur, chestnut, chinkapin, gobbler sawtooth, laurel, live, overcup
300
Other
Beautyberry, green ash, buttonbush, southern catalpa, southern crabapple, bald cypress, silky dogwood, elderberry, water hickory, mayhaw, red mulberry, persimmon, river birch, sugarberry, sweetgum*, sycamore, blackgum, swamp tupelo, water tupelo
250
chinkapin, cottonwoodⱡ, flowering dogwood, eastern redbud, cedar elm, American hornbeam, Drummond maple, red maple, pawpaw, pecan, Chickasaw plum, waxmyrtle, wild pear, hybrid varietal poplar*ⱡ,
300
Yellow-poplar, Eucalyptus benthamii*, 400
Hybrid sweetgum varietal (containerized)* 450
Varietal Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla* 600
*Improved ⱡCuttings
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 9 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 13. Site Preparation Guidelines for Southern Pine Plantations Soil Drainage Soil Texture / Structure Prescription Guideline
Somewhat poorly, poorly
Coarse textured Bed: smaller beds may work
Fine textured Bed: larger beds likely needed Fertilizer: P at establishment may be needed
Moderately to well
Fine textured, poor structure Subsoil, rip, or combination plow
Pan layers, converted ag land
Fine textured, good structure
No soil preparation Coarse textured Replanted plantation Steep or highly erodible soils
*Adapted from course materials prepared by Tom Fox.
Table 14. Quantitative Silviculture Relating to Site Occupancy and Thinning Variable Description
Stand Density
A quantitative, absolute measure of tree occupancy per unit of land area in such terms as numbers of trees, basal area, or volume.
Basal Area
The area of the cross section of a tree stem, including the bark, generally at breast height (4.5 feet above the ground)
QMD
The diameter of a tree of mean basal area. QMD=√BA
TPA⁄
0.005454 BA: feet2 acre-1; QMD: in.
Stand Density Index
Stand Density Index = TPA*[(QMD/10)1.605] and represents the number of trees per acre that could be in the stand if QMD = 10 inches. Maximum SDI varies by species.
Relative Density
The relationship between stand density and the maximum density that could occur at the same average tree size. Expressed as a percentage of maximum SDI. . For southern pine plantations: 45% max SDI can be considered overstocked and 30% max SDI can be considered understocked.
Stocking An indication of growing-space occupancy relative to a pre-established standard.
Common indices of stocking are based on percent occupancy, basal area, relative density, and crown competition factor.
d/D (QMD of trees removed in a thinning) / (QMD of stand BEFORE thinning)
If d/D < 1: small trees were harvested; the QMD AFTER thinning will increase (by a factor of 1.09 for a grade C low thinning) If d/D = 1: average trees were harvested; the QMD AFTER thinning will not change. If d/D > 1: large trees were harvested; the QMD AFTER thinning will decrease
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 10 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 15. Max SDI Values
Species SDI
Loblolly 450 Shortleaf 400 Slash 400 Longleaf 400 Upland Oaks 230 Bottomland Oaks 485
Table 16. Usual Max Stocking*
Silvics BA
(ft2/acre)
Tolerant Gymnosperm 130-230 Intolerant Gymnosperm 80-130 Tolerant Angiosperm 70-160 Intolerant Angiosperm 50-80
Table 17. Thinning Effects
Thinning d/D
Low <1 Mechanical =1 Crown >1, slightly Selection >1, significantly
*Smith, D. M., B. C. Larson, M. J. Kelty, and P. M. S. Ashton. 1997. The Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology, Ninth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York. pp: 537.
Table 18. Typical Stocking and Growth Rates for Common Southern Forests
Type Site
Quality Site Index Age Density
Basal Area Stocking
Mean Growth
Mean Growth
(feet) (base age) (years) (TPA)
(ft2 /
acre) (tons / acre)
(tons / acre / yr)
(bf / acre / year)
Loblolly or shortleaf natural stands
Good 90 50 20 65 3.3 400 Good 90 50 60 180 170 2.8 350
Average 70 50 60 330 85 1.4 175 Poor 50 50
Loblolly Plantations Unthinned 545 TPA At planting
Good 90 25 10 450 120 50 5.0 Good 90 25 25 380 210 190 7.5 900
Average 70 25 10 450 80 25 2.5 Average 70 25 25 405 175 135 5.5 400
Poor 50 25 10 445 55 10 1.0 Poor 50 25 30 385 160 110 3.5 270
Longleaf natural stands
Good 80 50 20 750 60 35 1.8 225 Good 80 50 40 300 144 140 3.5 440
Average 70 50 20 600 60 30 1.5 190 Average 70 50 40 300 144 120 3.0 375
Bottomland Hardwoods
Good 150 7-10 Average 20-60 110-130 2.0
Loblolly natural stand and longleaf data from: Burns, R. M., and B. H. Honkala, editors. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. pp: 877. Loblolly plantation data calculated using PTAEDA 4.0. Bottomland Hardwoods good site is cherrybark oak; all hardwood data from: Hodges, J. D. 1995. The southern bottomland hardwood region and brown loam bluffs subregion. Pages 227-270 in J. W. Barrett, editor. Regional Silviculture of the United States. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
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FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 19. Minimum Requirements for Thinning Southern Pines Variable Minimum Value Typical for first Thin
Basal Area about 100 ft2 / acre QMD 6.5 inches
Harvestable wood 15-25 tons / acre Stand size 20 acres
Source: Modified for East Texas from Harrington, T. B. 2001. Silvicultural Approaches for Thinning Southern Pines: Method, Intensity, and Timing. Georgia Forestry Commission Publication No. FSP002.
Table 20. Product Classes and Stumpage Price in East Texas in Mar-Apr 2015 Product Class Minimum DBH (inches) Pine Value ($/ton) Hardwood Value ($/ton)
Pulpwood 4.6 $9.46 $17.54
Chip-N-Saw 7.6 $16.05 ---
Sawtimber 9.6 Pine, 11.6 Hdwd $31.50 $37.67
Poles* > 12 with specific taper $135.00 --- *No pole data was available from East Texas. Data are from 2014 in Mississippi.
Table 21. Approximate Loblolly Pine Thinning Schedule for East Texas1
Previous Site Index Current Site Index First
Thinning2 Second
Thinning3 Single
Thinning Harvest
feet feet years years years years
55 60 17 24 20 30
60 65 16 23 19 29
65 70 15 22 18 28
70 75 14 21 17 27
75 80 13 20 16 26
80 85 12 19 15 25
85 90 11 18 14 24
90 95 10 17 13 23 1. Adapted from a system applied by the Campbell Group. 2. First thinning is row thinning + operator select. Typically 3rd, 4th, or 5th row, depending on stocking. 3. Second thinning is a thinning from below aimed at producing approximately 125 crop trees / acre.
This represents a flexible system for deciding rotation lengths and thinning schedules of loblolly pine plantations in East Texas. All listed thinning are commercial and the primary management objectives of these systems are sawtimber. These guidelines are general and may not work for every site or situation. Current site index (base age 25) is five feet taller than the previous rotation’s site index to reflect improvements in genetics over the last several decades realized through tree improvement programs. Options for both single and double thinning schedules are given. Rotation length may be shortened for some single-thinning entry rotations from the optimized harvest age shown for two-thinning rotations.
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FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 22. Characteristics of the Six Most Commonly Used Herbicides in Forestry* Glyphosate Triclopyr Imazapyr Sulfometuron Metsulfuron Hexazinone
Trade Names (% Active Ingredient)
Accord XRT II (50%), Round-Up (41%),
Razor (41%), Refuge (52%)
Garlon 3 (44%), Forestry Garlon XRT
(84%), Tahoe (44%),
Pathfinder II (14%)
Arsenal AC (52%), Chopper GEN II
(26%), Polaris AC (53%)
Oust (75%), Spyder (75%)
Escort (60%), Patriot (60%), Manor (60%)
Metsel VMF (60%)
Velpar L (25%), Velpar DF (75%)
Overview of typical applications
Quick brown-out, especially of grasses
and for site prep burns
Sites with excessive hardwood
competition; especially for hard to control species like
yaupon and elm
Basis for virtually all forestry tank mixes;
good for woody, herbaceous and
grass control; add tank partners to cover "holes" in
control spectrum; combined aquatic-terrestrial labels for
Arsenal & Polaris
Grass / herbaceous weed herbicide of choice in forestry;
generally mixed with imazapyr
"Escort" means it goes with other herbicides, and should only be
added to control elm, greenbrier,
grape, other vines, or Rubus spp. when
problematic
Alternative to imazapyr, but rates are site-specific and attention must be
paid to soil texture; mixed with
sulfometuron it is ideal for longleaf
pine site prep
Limitations
Do not apply to standing water unless labeled
accordingly
Do not plant conifer crop trees w/in 1-2 months, depending
on rate
Do not apply to standing water; only release 2-5 year old slash and longleaf
crop trees after Aug. 15.
Do not apply to standing water; only apply to hardwood
crop trees while dormant
Do not apply to longleaf crop trees;
can damage low-vigor pine; low
adsorption to clay
Water soluble; can leach on sandy soils; adsorbed by organic
matter and clay
Uptake Mode (Activity) Leaves, Cambium Leaves, Bark Roots, Leaves Roots, Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves
Soil Mobility Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate High
Mode of Action Amino Acid Inhibitor Growth Regulator (best hypothesis)
Amino Acid Inhibitor Amino Acid Inhibitor Amino Acid Inhibitor Photosynthesis
Inhibitor
Volatility Minimal High in esters Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal
Photodecomposition Minimal Major problem Only in water Minimal Minimal Slow (10%/week)
Half-Life 47 days 30 days 27 days 24 days 30 days 90 days
Signal Word none - CAUTION CAUTION - DANGER none - CAUTION none - CAUTION none CAUTION - DANGER
LD-50 > 5,000 mg/kg 713 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg 1690 mg/kg
*It is a violation of Federal law to use any pesticide product (all herbicides are pesticides) in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. The label is the law! Information provided in this table is for educational purposes only, and should not be referenced when applying herbicides. Read and follow the label under the supervision of someone who is appropriately trained (and licensed if necessary).
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 13 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 23. Application Information for the Six Most Commonly Used Herbicides in Forestry* Glyphosate Triclopyr Imazapyr Sulfometuron Metsulfuron Hexazinone
Site Prep Rate 4 – 8 qt / ac 1 – 8 qt/ac 24 - 40 oz/ac 2 - 8 oz/ac 1 - 4 oz/ac 2.7 – 6.7 lbs/ac Pine Release Rate directed spray only directed spray only 12 – 20 oz/ac 2 – 4.5 oz/ac 1 - 4 oz/ac 1.3 – 4 lbs/ac
Rate Notes
Use 1 - 2% solution for spray-to-wet; 5-
10% for directed spray; 50 – 100%
for cut stump
Up to 8 qt/ac for site prep; 1-2% for directed spray; 20 - 30% for hack and squirt, cut stump,
or basal bark applications
Only 20 - 32 oz/ac for slash pine site prep; 4 - 10 oz/ac
for herbaceous weed control; lower
rates on coarse-textured soils; cut stump, hack and
squirt at 12.5 - 50% solution
Use 2-4 oz/ac on coarse textured
soils; 1-4 oz/ac for hardwood release;
2-4.25 oz/ac for site prep for lob, long,
or slash; pine release 2-4.5 oz/ac
for lob, long, or slash; 1-2 oz/ac for
shortleaf
Site prep and release of loblolly and slash only; do
not use on sites with, or intended
for, longleaf or shortleaf; can
damage pine during release operations
if they are low vigor
Rate is soil texture dependent; 2.7 – 4
lbs/ac on coarse textured soils, 4 –
5.3 lbs/ac on medium, and 5.3 – 6.7 lbs/ac on fine;
cut rates roughly in half for release
Solubility Water Water, Oil, Diesel Oil, Water, Dry Water Dry Water or Dry
Tank Mix With Sulfometuron, Metsulfuron,
Imazapyr
2,4-D, Picloram, Imazapyr
Sulfometuron, Glyphosate,
Triclopyr, Metsulfuron
Hexazinone, Imazapyr,
Glyphosate, Metsulfuron,
Atrazine
Glyphosate, Imazapyr,
Sulfometuron, Hexazinone
Sulfometuron, Metsulfuron
Application Timing Leaves on weeds, early for annuals,
later for perennials
Leaves on weeds, any time for cut stump, hack &
squirt
Midsummer - Late Fall
Late Fall - Spring Leaves on Weeds Late Spring - Early
Summer
Broadcast / Banded YES YES YES YES YES YES
Individual Stem YES YES YES YES YES Foliar YES YES YES YES Hack and Squirt YES YES YES YES Basal Bark YES Cut Stump YES YES YES Basal Soil YES
*It is a violation of Federal law to use any pesticide product (all herbicides are pesticides) in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. The label is the law! Information provided in this table is for educational purposes only, and should not be referenced when applying herbicides. Read and follow the label under the supervision of someone who is appropriately trained (and licensed if necessary).
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 14 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 24. Characteristics and Application Information for Nine Less Commonly Used Herbicides in Forestry*
2,4 D Aminopyralid Atrazine Clopyralid Dicambia Fluazifop Fosamine Oxyfluorofen Picloram
Trade Names (% Active Ingredient)
Hi-Dep Broadleaf
(40%), Weedone
(63% - 87%)
Milestone VM Plus (2.22%)
Aatrex 4L (43%),
Aatrex Nine-O (88%)
Transline (41%)
Banvel (40%), Banvel CST
(13%)
Fusilade DX (25%),
Ornamec 170 (1.7%)
Krenite S (42%)
Goal (22%) Tordon K
(24%)
Uptake Mode (Activity)
Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves, Roots Roots, Leaves
Soil Mobility Moderate Minimal Moderate Moderate High Minimal Minimal Minimal High
Mode of Action Growth
Regulator Growth
Regulator Photosynthesis
Inhibitor Growth
Regulator Growth
Regulator
Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor
Growth Regulator
Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor
Growth Regulator
Volatility High in esters Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal
Photodecomposition Minimal Problem in
water Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Minimal Problem
Half-Life 10 days 34 days 60 days 40 days 14 days 15 days 8 days 35 days 90 days
LD-50 639 - 1,646
mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg 3,080 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg 1,707 mg/kg 4,096 mg/kg
> 5,000 mg/kg
> 5,000 mg/kg > 5,000 mg/kg
Solubility Water, Oils Water Water Water Water Water, Oils Water Water Water
Application Site Prep or
Release Site Prep or
Release Site Prep
Site Prep or Release
Release Release Site Prep or
Release Site Prep or
Release Site Prep
Selectivity
Broad-spectrum control of
hardwoods and
herbaceous; can damage pine; grasses
resistant
Broad-spectrum control of
hardwoods and herbaceous; can damage pine; grasses
resistant
Broad-spectrum, but targets grasses
Broad-spectrum control of
hardwoods and
herbaceous; pines and
grasses resistant
Broad-spectrum control of
hardwoods and
herbaceous; grasses
resistant
Controls grasses
Controls hardwoods and pines;
broad-spectrum
woody control
Broad-spectrum
herbaceous weed control; also controls
grasses
Broad-spectrum
woody control;
kills vines; many
grasses resistant
Notes May leach on
sandy soils
Labeled for use on CRP lands,
wildlife management
Restricted use; leaches in
water on sandy soils
Used in Eucalyptus,
poplar plantations
Labeled for individual
stem treatments; range, CRP
lands
Used in Xmas tree
plantations, nurseries,
Eucalyptus, pecans
Will kill pines
Used in Xmas tree
plantations, nurseries, Eucalyptus
Not for release, will kill pines
*It is a violation of Federal law to use any pesticide product (all herbicides are pesticides) in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. The label is
the law! Information provided in this table is for educational purposes only, and should not be referenced when applying herbicides. Read and
follow the label under the supervision of someone who is appropriately trained (and licensed if necessary).
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 15 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 25. Control Spectra for the Six Most Commonly Used Forestry Herbicides
Glyphosate Triclopyr Imazapyr Sulfometuron Metsulfuron Hexazinone
Specificity Broad Broad Broad Narrow Narrow Broad
Loblolly Pine S S R R R M
Slash Pine S S R R R M
Longleaf Pine S S R R S M
Sweetgum S S S R R M
Oaks M M S R M S
Hickories R S M R R R
Elms M S M R S M
Hollies R S M R R R
Cherries M M R R S M
Maples M S S R S M
Bays R S S R R R
Blackberry S S R R S R
Legumes S S R M R R
Herbaceous S S S S R M
Grass S M S S R M
S = Susceptible, the herbicide will kill the weed if applied correctly; M = Marginal, the herbicide may offer some level of control; R = Resistant, the weed will likely be minimally impacted by the herbicide
Table 26. Pre-Mixed Herbicide Products Used in Forestry
Label Active Ingredients
Oustar 63% hexazinone + 12% sulfometuron
Lineage Clearstand 63% imazapyr + 10% metsulfuron
Tordon 101 Mixture 40% 2,4-D + 10% picloram
Tordon RTU 21% 2,4-D + 5% picloram
Pathway 21% 2,4-D + 5% picloram
Banvel 720 25% 2,4-D + 13% dicambia
Table 27. Fertilizers Used in Southern Pine Plantation Silviculture
Chemical Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
%N %P2O5 (%P) %K2O (%K)
UREA Urea 45 0 0 MAP Monoammonium phosphate 11 52 (23) 0 DAP Diammonium phosphate 18 46 (20) 0 OSP Superphosphate 0 20 (9) 0 TSP Triple Super Phosphate 0 45 (20) 0 CSP Concentrated Super Phosphate 0 45 (20) 0
ROCKP Rock Phosphate 0 8 (6.5) 0 POT Potash 0 0 60 (50)
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 16 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 28. Timber Value by Shade Tolerance of Bottomland Hardwoods
*Adapted from The 1986 Service foresters handbook. USDA Forest Service; and Meadows, J. S., and J. A. Stanturf. 1997. Silvicultural systems for southern bottomland hardwood forests. FEM 90:127-140.
Very Intolerant Intolerant Intermediate Tolerant Very Tolerant
Pre
ferr
ed
Cottonwood Populus deltoides
White ash Fraxinus americana
Pecan
Carya illinoinensis
Black walnut
Juglans nigra
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Cherrybark oak
Quercus pagoda
White oak Quercus alba
Shumard oak
Quercus shumardii
Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii
Nuttall oak
Quercus texana
Bottomland post oak Quercus similis
De
sira
ble
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Silver maple Acer saccharinum
Southern red oak Quercus falcata
Sugarberry
Celtis laevigata
Black willow Salix nigra
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis
Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica
Pondcypress Taxodium ascendens
Persimmon
Diospyros virginiana
Swamp tupelo
Nyssa biflora
Baldcypress
Taxodium distichum
American sycamore
Platanus occidentalis
Water oak Quercus nigra
Willow oak
Quercus phellos
Acc
ep
tab
le
Waterlocust
Gleditsia aquatica
Mockernut hickory Carya alba
Red maple Acer rubrum
American beech Fagus grandifolia
Honeylocust
Gleditsia triacanthos
Water hickory Carya aquatica
Shagbark hickory Carya ovata
Sweetbay
Magnolia virginiana
Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis
Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora
Swamp cottonwood
Populus heterophylla
Blackgum
Nyssa sylvatica
Winged elm Ulmus alata
Pin oak
Quercus palustris
Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia
Slippery elm Ulmus rubra
Overcup oak Quercus lyrata
American elm Ulmus americana
Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia
Un
des
irab
le
River birch Betula nigra
Boxelder
Acer negundo
Swamp-privet Forestiera acuminata
Hornbeam
Carpinus caroliniana
Carolina ash
Fraxinus caroliniana
Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis
Possumhaw
Ilex decidua
Hophornbeam
Ostrya virginiana
Sassafras
Sassafras albidum
Hawthorn
Crataegus spp.
Roughleaf dogwood Cornus drummondii
Planertree
Planera aquatica
American holly
Ilex opaca
Red mulberry
Morus rubra
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 17 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 29. Timber Value by Flood Tolerance of Bottomland Hardwoods
*Adapted from The 1986 Service foresters handbook. USDA Forest Service; and Meadows, J. S., and J. A. Stanturf. 1997. Silvicultural systems for southern bottomland hardwood forests. FEM 90:127-140.
Very Intolerant Intolerant Intermediate Tolerant Very Tolerant
Pre
ferr
ed
White ash Fraxinus americana
Swamp chestnut oak
Quercus michauxii
Pecan
Carya illinoinensis
Green ash Fraxinus
pennsylvanica
Black walnut Juglans nigra
Cottonwood
Populus deltoides
Pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda
White oak Quercus alba
Nuttall oak
Quercus texana
Cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda
Shumard oak Quercus shumardii
Bottomland post oak Quercus similis
De
sira
ble
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Silver maple Acer saccharinum
Bur oak Quercus
macrocarpa
Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica
Southern red oak Quercus falcata
Sugarberry
Celtis laevigata
Willow oak Quercus phellos
Swamp tupelo Nyssa biflora
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis
Black willow Salix nigra
Persimmon
Diospyros virginiana
Pondcypress Taxodium ascendens
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Baldcypress
Taxodium distichum
Water oak Quercus nigra
Acc
ep
tab
le
American beech Fagus grandifolia
Mockernut hickory Carya alba
Honeylocust
Gleditsia triacanthos
Red maple Acer rubrum
Swamp cottonwood Populus heterophylla
Post oak Quercus stellata
Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis
Sweetbay
Magnolia virginiana Water hickory
Carya aquatica
Shagbark hickory Carya ovata
Pin oak Quercus palustris
Waterlocust
Gleditsia aquatica
Southern magnolia
Magnolia grandiflora
American elm Ulmus americana
Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia
Blackgum
Nyssa sylvatica
Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia
Overcup oak Quercus lyrata
Winged elm
Ulmus alata
Slippery elm Ulmus rubra
Un
des
irab
le
Hawthorn
Crataegus spp
Boxelder
Acer negundo
River birch Betula nigra
Swamp-privet Forestiera acuminata
Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis
Sassafras
Sassafras albidum
Hornbeam
Carpinus caroliniana
Possumhaw
Ilex decidua
Loblolly-bay Gordonia lasianthus
. American holly
Ilex opaca
Redbay Persea borbonia
Hophornbeam
Ostrya virginiana
Planertree Planera aquatica
Red mulberry
Morus rubra
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 18 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 30. Timber Value of Bottomland Hardwoods Preferred Desirable Acceptable Pecan – Carya illinoinensis Sugarberry – Celtis laevigata Red maple – Acer rubrum Green ash – Fraxinus pennsylvanica Persimmon – Diospyros virginiana Water hickory – Carya aquatica Cottonwood – Populus deltoides Sweetgum – Liquidambar styraciflua Bitternut hickory – Carya cordiformis White oak – Quercus alba Yellow-poplar – Liriodendron tulipifera Shagbark hickory – Carya ovata Cherrybark oak – Quercus pagoda Water tupelo – Nyssa aquatica Mockernut hickory – Carya alba Cow oak – Quercus michauxii Sycamore – Platanus occidentalis American beech – Fagus grandifolia Nuttall oak – Quercus texana Water oak – Quercus nigra Waterlocust – Gleditsia aquatica Shumard oak – Quercus shumardii Willow oak – Quercus phellos Honeylocust – Gleditsia triacanthos
Black willow – Salix nigra Southern magnolia – Magnolia grandiflora Baldcypress – Taxodium distichum Blackgum – Nyssa sylvatica
Laurel oak – Quercus laurifolia Overcup oak – Quercus lyrata Winged elm – Ulmus alata American elm – Ulmus americana Cedar elm – Ulmus crassifolia Slippery elm – Ulmus rubra
Undesirable
Boxelder – Acer negundo River birch – Betula nigra American hornbeam – Carpinus caroliniana Hawthorn – Crataegus spp. Swamp-privet – Forestiera acuminata Roughleaf dogwood – Cornus drummondii Carolina ash – Fraxinus caroliniana Deciduous holly – Ilex decidua American holly – Ilex opaca Red mulberry – Morus rubra Planertree –Planera aquatica Eastern hophornbeam – Ostrya virginiana
*From Meadows, J. S., and J. A. Stanturf. 1997. Silvicultural systems for southern bottomland hardwood forests. FEM 90:127-140.
Table 31. Texas Forest Service Volume Conversion Factors
Sawlogs - Veneer Logs Pulpwood & Chip-n-Saw
MBF-International-1/4" X 0.74 = MBF-Doyle Pine 2.7 tons = 1 cord
MBF-Scribner X 0.78 = MBF-Doyle Hdwd 2.8 tons = 1 cord
MBF-USFS Scribner X 0.814 = MBF-Doyle Pine 81 Cu. Ft. = 1 cord
2.37 Pine Cunits = 1 MBF-Doyle Hdwd 80 Cu. Ft. = 1 cord
1 Cunit = 100 Cu.Ft.
Pine CNS 2.7 tons =1 cord
Pine – 0.008 x Doyle BF = tons Pine 0.033333 x Cu. Ft. = tons
Hardwood – 0.009 x Doyle BF = tons Hdwd 0.03500 x Cu. Ft. = tons
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 19 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 32. Composite, Multiple-Entry Volume Table: Girard FC 80
Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Pine Sawtimber)
Number of Usable 16-foot logs
DBH (in.) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
10 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.21
11 0.19 0.24 0.28 0.30 0.34
12 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.48 0.50
13 0.34 0.42 0.51 0.58 0.64 0.67 0.70
14 0.42 0.54 0.66 0.74 0.83 0.87 0.91
15 0.51 0.67 0.83 0.94 1.06 1.13 1.20
16 0.62 0.81 1.00 1.14 1.29 1.39 1.49 1.66 1.74
17 0.74 0.98 1.22 1.40 1.58 1.71 1.84 1.96 2.07
18 0.86 1.15 1.43 1.65 1.87 2.03 2.18 2.34 2.48
19 1.01 1.34 1.68 1.95 2.22 2.41 2.59 2.77 2.94
20 1.15 1.54 1.94 2.26 2.57 2.78 2.99 3.17 3.34
21 1.31 1.77 2.22 2.59 2.96 3.22 3.49 3.70 3.91
22 1.48 2.00 2.52 2.94 3.36 3.66 3.98 4.23 4.49
23 1.66 2.26 2.85 3.34 3.82 4.17 4.51 4.83 5.14
24 1.85 2.51 3.18 3.73 4.29 4.66 5.04 5.42 5.80
25 2.05 2.80 3.54 4.18 4.80 5.24 5.68 6.11 6.54
26 2.26 3.09 3.91 4.61 5.30 5.82 6.33 6.82 7.30
27 2.48 3.40 4.32 5.10 5.88 6.45 7.02 7.57 8.12
28 2.71 3.73 4.74 5.60 6.46 7.08 7.70 8.32 8.94 9.50 10.06
29 2.96 4.07 5.18 6.13 7.07 7.76 8.45 9.15 9.86 10.52 11.18
30 3.20 4.42 5.62 6.66 7.69 8.44 9.19 9.98 10.77 11.54 12.30
31 3.47 4.79 6.11 7.25 8.39 9.23 10.08 10.91 11.75 12.61 13.47
32 3.74 5.17 6.59 7.84 9.10 10.03 10.96 11.85 12.74 13.70 14.65
33 4.02 5.57 7.11 8.48 9.84 10.85 11.86 12.83 13.81 14.88 15.95
34 4.30 5.97 7.63 9.10 10.58 11.67 12.77 13.82 14.89 16.06 17.25
35 4.61 6.41 8.21 9.80 11.39 12.58 13.78 14.94 16.10 17.34 18.58
36 4.92 6.86 8.79 10.50 12.21 13.50 14.79 16.05 17.30 18.61 19.90
37 5.25 7.32 9.39 11.25 13.10 14.49 15.87 17.26 18.64 20.02 21.40
38 5.58 7.78 9.99 11.99 13.99 15.47 16.95 18.46 19.97 21.43 22.90
39 5.92 8.29 10.66 12.78 14.91 16.52 18.13 19.70 21.26 22.84 24.42
40 6.27 8.79 11.31 13.57 15.83 17.57 19.30 20.93 22.55 24.24 25.93
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 20 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 33. Composite, Multiple-Entry Volume Table: Girard FC 78
Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Hardwood Sawtimber) Number of Usable 16-foot logs
DBH (in.) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
10 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.20
11 0.20 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.34
12 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.43 0.48 0.49 0.50
13 0.34 0.43 0.53 0.59 0.66 0.68 0.72
14 0.43 0.56 0.68 0.76 0.84 0.88 0.93
15 0.54 0.70 0.86 0.97 1.09 1.15 1.22
16 0.65 0.85 1.04 1.19 1.34 1.44 1.53
17 0.77 1.02 1.26 1.45 1.64 1.76 1.88
18 0.90 1.19 1.48 1.71 1.94 2.09 2.23
19 1.06 1.40 1.75 2.03 2.30 2.48 2.67
20 1.22 1.62 2.03 2.35 2.67 2.90 3.11 3.28 3.45
21 1.39 1.86 2.34 2.72 3.10 3.37 3.64 3.85 4.07
22 1.57 2.11 2.66 3.10 3.53 3.84 4.16 4.43 4.69
23 1.76 2.38 2.99 3.49 4.00 4.35 4.70 5.02 5.35
24 1.94 2.64 3.33 3.90 4.46 4.85 5.24 5.63 6.01
25 2.17 2.95 3.73 4.37 5.02 5.48 5.94 6.38 6.82
26 2.39 3.26 4.13 4.85 5.57 6.10 6.63 7.14 7.64
27 2.63 3.58 4.55 5.35 6.16 6.74 7.33 7.89 8.46
28 2.85 3.91 4.96 5.85 6.75 7.38 8.01 8.65 9.29 9.86 10.45
29 3.11 4.28 5.44 6.43 7.42 8.12 8.82 9.55 10.28 10.96 11.65
30 3.38 4.65 5.92 7.00 8.08 8.86 9.62 10.44 11.26 12.05 12.84
31 3.67 5.06 6.45 7.65 8.85 9.72 10.58 11.46 12.33 13.23 14.13
32 3.97 5.47 6.98 8.30 9.61 10.58 11.55 12.47 13.39 14.40 15.41
33 4.27 5.89 7.52 8.95 10.37 11.41 12.47 13.47 14.48 15.61 16.72
34 4.55 6.30 8.05 9.58 11.12 12.25 13.38 14.47 15.57 16.79 18.03
35 4.90 6.79 8.68 10.34 12.01 13.25 14.49 15.69 16.88 18.18 19.47
36 5.23 7.27 9.32 11.11 12.91 14.25 15.59 16.90 18.21 19.56 20.91
37 5.56 7.74 9.92 11.86 13.81 15.25 16.69 18.12 19.55 20.99 22.43
38 5.90 8.21 10.53 12.62 14.72 16.25 17.78 19.33 20.90 22.42 23.94
39 6.28 8.77 11.25 13.48 15.71 17.39 19.06 20.68 22.31 23.96 25.60
40 6.66 9.32 11.97 14.35 16.72 18.53 20.34 22.03 23.72 25.49 27.24
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 21 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 34. Composite, Multiple-Entry Volume Table: Girard FC 80
Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Pine Pulpwood and Chip-N-Saw) Number of Usable 16-foot logs
DBH (in.) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
5 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.21 6 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.25
7 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.31
8 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39
9 0.18 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.50
10 0.22 0.30 0.37 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.62
11 0.25 0.35 0.44 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.77
12 0.30 0.42 0.52 0.61 0.70 0.77 0.83 0.88 0.92 0.95 0.95
13 0.35 0.49 0.61 0.72 0.82 0.90 0.98 1.04 1.10 1.14 1.14
14 0.40 0.56 0.71 0.84 0.95 1.05 1.14 1.22 1.29 1.34 1.36
15 0.46 0.65 0.81 0.96 1.10 1.22 1.32 1.42 1.50 1.57 1.59
16 0.53 0.74 0.93 1.10 1.25 1.39 1.52 1.62 1.72 1.81 1.85
17 0.59 0.83 1.05 1.25 1.42 1.58 1.72 1.85 1.96 2.07 2.13
18 0.67 0.94 1.18 1.40 1.60 1.78 1.95 2.09 2.23 2.35 2.43
19 0.75 1.05 1.32 1.57 1.80 2.00 2.18 2.35 2.50 2.64 2.76
20 0.83 1.17 1.47 1.75 2.00 2.23 2.43 2.62 2.80 2.96 3.10
21 0.92 1.29 1.63 1.94 2.21 2.47 2.70 2.91 3.11 3.29 3.47
22 1.02 1.43 1.80 2.13 2.44 2.72 2.98 3.22 3.44 3.65 3.86
23 1.12 1.56 1.97 2.34 2.68 2.99 3.28 3.54 3.79 4.02 4.26
24 1.22 1.71 2.16 2.56 2.93 3.27 3.59 3.88 4.15 4.41 4.69
25 1.33 1.86 2.35 2.79 3.20 3.57 3.91 4.24 4.54 4.83 5.15
26 1.45 2.02 2.55 3.03 3.47 3.88 4.26 4.61 4.94 5.26 5.62
27 1.57 2.19 2.76 3.28 3.76 4.20 4.61 5.00 5.36 5.71 6.11
28 1.70 2.37 2.98 3.54 4.06 4.54 4.98 5.40 5.80 6.18 6.62
29 1.83 2.55 3.21 3.82 4.37 4.89 5.37 5.82 6.26 6.67 7.16
30 1.96 2.74 3.45 4.10 4.70 5.26 5.77 6.26 6.73 7.18 7.71
31 2.11 2.94 3.70 4.39 5.04 5.63 6.19 6.72 7.23 7.72 8.29
32 2.25 3.14 3.95 4.70 5.39 6.03 6.63 7.20 7.74 8.27 8.89
33 2.41 3.35 4.22 5.01 5.75 6.44 7.08 7.69 8.27 8.84 9.50
34 2.56 3.57 4.49 5.34 6.13 6.86 7.54 8.20 8.82 9.43 10.14
35 2.73 3.80 4.78 5.68 6.52 7.29 8.03 8.72 9.39 10.05 10.80
36 2.90 4.03 5.07 6.03 6.92 7.74 8.52 9.27 9.98 10.68 11.48
37 3.07 4.27 5.37 6.39 7.33 8.21 9.04 9.83 10.59 11.34 12.18
38 3.25 4.52 5.69 6.76 7.76 8.69 9.57 10.41 11.22 12.01 12.90
39 3.44 4.78 6.01 7.14 8.20 9.18 10.12 11.00 11.87 12.71 13.64
40 3.63 5.04 6.34 7.54 8.65 9.69 10.68 11.62 12.53 13.43 14.39
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 22 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 35. Composite, Multiple-Entry Volume Table: Girard FC 78
Tons - Gross Volume (Use for Hardwood Pulpwood) Number of Usable 16-foot logs
DBH (in.) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
5 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.21
6 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.25
7 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.31
8 0.15 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.40
9 0.18 0.25 0.31 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.50
10 0.22 0.30 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.54 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.64 0.63
11 0.26 0.36 0.44 0.52 0.59 0.65 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.78
12 0.30 0.42 0.53 0.62 0.70 0.77 0.84 0.89 0.93 0.96 0.96
13 0.35 0.49 0.62 0.73 0.83 0.91 0.99 1.05 1.11 1.15 1.15
14 0.41 0.57 0.71 0.85 0.96 1.06 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.36 1.37
15 0.47 0.65 0.82 0.97 1.11 1.23 1.33 1.43 1.51 1.58 1.61
16 0.53 0.75 0.94 1.11 1.27 1.41 1.53 1.64 1.74 1.83 1.87
17 0.60 0.84 1.06 1.26 1.44 1.60 1.74 1.87 1.98 2.09 2.15
18 0.68 0.95 1.19 1.42 1.62 1.80 1.96 2.11 2.25 2.37 2.46
19 0.76 1.06 1.34 1.59 1.81 2.02 2.21 2.37 2.53 2.67 2.78
20 0.84 1.18 1.49 1.76 2.02 2.25 2.46 2.65 2.82 2.99 3.13
21 0.93 1.31 1.65 1.96 2.24 2.49 2.73 2.94 3.14 3.33 3.50
22 1.03 1.44 1.81 2.16 2.47 2.75 3.01 3.25 3.47 3.68 3.89
23 1.13 1.58 1.99 2.37 2.71 3.02 3.31 3.58 3.83 4.06 4.31
24 1.24 1.73 2.18 2.59 2.96 3.30 3.62 3.92 4.19 4.46 4.74
25 1.34 1.88 2.37 2.82 3.23 3.61 3.95 4.28 4.58 4.87 5.19
26 1.46 2.04 2.58 3.06 3.51 3.92 4.30 4.65 4.99 5.31 5.67
27 1.59 2.21 2.79 3.31 3.80 4.24 4.66 5.04 5.41 5.76 6.17
28 1.71 2.39 3.01 3.58 4.10 4.58 5.03 5.45 5.86 6.24 6.69
29 1.84 2.57 3.24 3.85 4.42 4.94 5.43 5.88 6.32 6.74 7.23
30 1.98 2.77 3.48 4.14 4.75 5.31 5.83 6.32 6.80 7.25 7.79
31 2.12 2.96 3.73 4.43 5.09 5.69 6.25 6.79 7.29 7.79 8.37
32 2.28 3.17 3.99 4.74 5.44 6.09 6.69 7.27 7.81 8.35 8.97
33 2.43 3.38 4.26 5.06 5.81 6.50 7.15 7.76 8.35 8.93 9.60
34 2.59 3.61 4.54 5.39 6.18 6.92 7.62 8.27 8.91 9.52 10.24
35 2.75 3.83 4.82 5.73 6.58 7.36 8.10 8.81 9.48 10.14 10.90
36 2.93 4.07 5.12 6.09 6.98 7.82 8.61 9.36 10.08 10.78 11.59
37 3.10 4.31 5.43 6.45 7.40 8.29 9.12 9.92 10.69 11.45 12.30
38 3.28 4.56 5.74 6.83 7.83 8.77 9.66 10.51 11.33 12.13 13.02
39 3.47 4.82 6.07 7.21 8.28 9.27 10.21 11.11 11.98 12.83 13.77
40 3.66 5.09 6.40 7.61 8.74 9.79 10.78 11.73 12.65 13.56 14.53
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 23 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Table 36. Pole Classification Tables for Standing Southern Yellow Pines.
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 24 of 36
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Figure 1. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated
Loblolly Pine Stands in the US South
USDA-FS. 1976. Volume, Yield, and Stand Tables for Second-Growth Southern Pines. USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication 50.
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FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 2. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated
Longleaf Pine Stands in the US South
USDA-FS. 1976. Volume, Yield, and Stand Tables for Second-Growth Southern Pines. USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication 50.
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 26 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 3. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated
Shortleaf Pine Stands in the US South
USDA-FS. 1976. Volume, Yield, and Stand Tables for Second-Growth Southern Pines. USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication 50.
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 27 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 4. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated
Slash Pine Stands in the US South
USDA-FS. 1976. Volume, Yield, and Stand Tables for Second-Growth Southern Pines. USDA Forest Service, Miscellaneous Publication 50.
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FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 5. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 25 Years) for Unmanaged Loblolly Pine
Plantations in East Texas
Coble, D. W. and Y.-J. Lee. 2006. Use of a generalized sigmoid growth function to predict site index for unmanaged loblolly and slash pine plantations in east Texas. Pages 291 – 295 in Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS – 92.
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FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 6. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 25 Years) for Unmanaged Slash Pine
Plantations in East Texas
Coble, D. W. and Y.-J. Lee. 2006. Use of a generalized sigmoid growth function to predict site index for unmanaged loblolly and slash pine plantations in east Texas. Pages 291 – 295 in Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS – 92.
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 30 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 7. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated
Green Ash Stands in the US South
*Add 2 years to dbh age to obtain total age.
Carmean, W. H., J. T. Hahn, and R. D. Jacobs. 1989. Site index curves for forest tree species in the eastern United States. USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-128.
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 31 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 8. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated
Sweetgum Stands in the US South
*Add 2 years to dbh age to obtain total age.
Carmean, W. H., J. T. Hahn, and R. D. Jacobs. 1989. Site index curves for forest tree species in the eastern United States. USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-128.
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FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 9. Site Index Curves (Index Age = 50 Years) for Naturally Regenerated
Water Oak Stands in the US South
*Add 2 years to dbh age to obtain total age.
Carmean, W. H., J. T. Hahn, and R. D. Jacobs. 1989. Site index curves for forest tree species in the eastern United States. USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-128.
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FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 10. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide Modified Using SDI for Naturally
Regenerated Loblolly Pine Stands in the US South
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 34 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 11. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide Modified Using SDI for Naturally
Regenerated Longleaf, Shortleaf, or Slash Pine Stands in the US South
Silviculture Useful Handouts Page 35 of 36
FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 12. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide for Southern Bottomland Hardwoods
up to a QMD of 9 Inches
Goelz, J. C. G. 1995. A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 19:103-104.
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FOR 347: Silviculture Lab Dr. Jeremy Stovall Last Revised 08.31.2015
Figure 13. Gingrich-Style Stocking Guide for Southern Bottomland Hardwoods
with a QMD Greater than 9 Inches
Goelz, J. C. G. 1995. A stocking guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. Southern Journal of Applied
Forestry 19:103-104.