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Slavery and the Northern Economy
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• Experience of African slaves had much in common with that of white indentured servants.
• Black and white women worked side-by-side in the fields. Black and white men who broke their servant contract were equally punished.
Advertisement from the newspaper Glasgow Courant, 4 September 1760, for indentured servants to go to Virginia.
From Indentured Servitude to Slavery
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Indentured Servant Contract
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1793 Invention of the Cotton GinSpread of cotton as a cash crop and the development of the American textile industry ushered in a far harsher era of slavery.
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Slavery Abolished in the North
• Massachusetts became the first state to end slavery when a judicial decision in 1783 interpreted the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 as having abolished slavery with the phrase, “all men are born free and equal.”
• Over the next few years legislation abolished slavery in Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York and New Jersey.
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Slave trade formed the basis of economic life in New England
Coopers Tanners Sailmakers
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Colonial newspapers drew much of their income from advertisements for the sale of slaves.
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Millions of gallons of New England made rum were exchanged in Africa for slaves.
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• Cotton was shipped by northern ships and financed by northern insurance companies.
• Hundreds of thousands of northerners’ livelihoods depended directly on slavery, by virtue of the power of the economic importance of cotton
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Expansion of Slavery• By 1830, there were more than 2 million
slaves in the United States, worth over a billion dollars (compared to annual federal revenues of less than 25 million).
• During the 1830s alone, the migration of slaves to the lower South increased the slave population in Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida and Arkansas from 530,404 to 943,881.
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Some Population Statistics
• 1781: US population was 3.5 million. (approx. 575,000 were slaves)
• 1801: US population was 5,308,000. (approx. 900,000 were slaves)
• 1830: U.S. population was 12.8 million with more than 2 million slaves.
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The fact that a significant portion of the Northern industrial economy rested on slave-grown cotton contributed to northerners' hostility to the abolitionist movement.