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Biology
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22–3 Seedless Vascular
Plants
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(420 million years ago, mosslike plants on land were
joined by taller plants. )
1. vascular tissue:
a. appears in taller plants
b. specialized to conduct water and nutrients
Evolution of Vascular Tissue
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Evolution of Vascular Tissue
Evolution of Vascular Tissue
2. tracheids:
a. Appeared in first vascular plants
b. Specialized cells to conduct water.
c. make up xylem:
a transport subsystem that carries water
from the roots to every part of a plant
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Evolution of Vascular Tissue
D. Hollow, thick cell walls that resist
pressure.
E. connect end to end to allow water to move
efficiently.
f. Phloem:
transports nutrients and carbohydrates
produced by photosynthesis
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Evolution of Vascular Tissue
How is vascular tissue important to ferns
and their relatives?
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Evolution of Vascular Tissue
3. Both xylem and phloem move fluids
against the force of gravity.
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Evolution of Vascular Tissue
(Together xylem and phloem move water, nutrients,
and other materials throughout the plant.
In many plants, xylem and lignin (a substance that
makes cell walls rigid) enable them to grow upright
and tall.
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Ferns and Their Relatives
What are the characteristics of the three
phyla of seedless vascular plants?
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Ferns and Their Relatives
Seedless vascular plants include:
• club mosses
• horsetails
• ferns
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Ferns and Their Relatives
Ferns and Their Relatives
The most numerous phylum is the ferns.
Ferns and their relatives have true roots, leaves,
and stems.)
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Ferns and Their Relatives
4. Plant Parts:
A. Roots: underground organs; absorb
water and minerals.
B. Leaves: photosynthetic organs; contain 1
or more bundles of vascular tissue.
(Tissue is gathered into veins made of
xylem and phloem.)
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C. Stems:
1. supporting structures that connect
roots and leaves
2. carry water and nutrients between
them.
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Life Cycle of Ferns
Life Cycles
5. Ferns and other vascular plants have a
diploid sporophyte in a dominant stage.
-sporophyte can survive years
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Ferns and Their Relatives
(Club Mosses
Ancient club mosses grew into trees and produced
forests.
Fossilized remains of these exist today as huge
beds of coal.
Today, club mosses are small plants that live in
moist woodlands.
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Ferns and Their Relatives
Horsetails
The only living genus of Arthrophyta is Equisetum.
Equisetum has true leaves, stems, and roots.
Equisetum is called horsetail, or scouring rush.
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Ferns and Their Relatives
Ferns
Ferns probably evolved 350 million years ago,
when club moss forests covered Earth.
Ferns thrive in wet areas with little light.
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Life Cycle of Ferns
Ferns have
vascular tissues,
strong roots,
underground
stems called
rhizomes, and
leaves called
fronds.
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Life Cycle of Ferns
What are the stages in the life cycle of
ferns?)
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Life Cycle of Ferns
(Fern sporophytes develop haploid spores on the
underside of their fronds in structures called
sporangia.
Sporangia are grouped into clusters called sori.
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Life Cycle of Ferns
The Underside of a Fern Frond
Sorus
Sporangia
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Life Cycle of Ferns
Fern Life Cycle
Young
gametophyte (N)
Mature
gametophyte (N)
Egg
Archegonium
Sperm
Antheridium
Spores
(N)
Sporangium (2N)
Frond
Mature
sporophyte
(2N)
Gametophyte (N)
Sporophyte
embryo (2N)
Developing
sporophyte
(2N)
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Life Cycle of Ferns
When the spores germinate, they develop into
haploid gametophytes.
The gametophyte first grows a set of rootlike rhizoids.
It then flattens into a mature gametophyte.
The gametophyte grows independently of the
sporophyte.
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Life Cycle of Ferns
The antheridia and archegonia are found on the
underside of the gametophyte.
Fertilization requires water, which allows the sperm to
swim to the eggs.
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Life Cycle of Ferns
Spores (N)
Antheridium
Sperm
Archegonium
Egg
Mature
gametophyte
(N)
Young
gametophyte
(N)
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Life Cycle of Ferns
The diploid zygote formed by fertilization, develops
into a new sporophyte.
As the sporophyte grows, the gametophyte withers
away.
Fern sporophytes often live for many years.
In some species, fronds die in the fall, but rhizomes
live through the winter and produce new leaves in the
spring.)
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Life Cycle of Ferns
Frond
Mature
sporophyte
(2N)
Gametophyte (N)
Sporophyte
embryo (2N)
Developing
sporophyte (2N)
Sporangium
(2N)
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- or -
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22–3
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22–3
Plant cells specialized to conduct water are
called
a. tracheids.
b. veins.
c. sori.
d. phloem.
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22–3
The presence of vascular tissue enables a plant
to
a. carry on photosynthesis.
b. carry on lactic acid fermentation.
c. conduct water and nutrients.
d. make chlorophyll.
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22–3
Ferns are different from mosses because they
a. carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll.
b. have vascular tissue to conduct water and
nutrients.
c. help expose more of the plant’s surface area
to sunlight.
d. exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen with
the atmosphere.
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22–3
Club mosses and horsetails are similar to ferns
because they have
a. vascular tissue.
b. seeds.
c. sori.
d. fronds.
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22–3
When fern spores germinate, they develop into
a. diploid gametophytes.
b. haploid gametophytes.
c. haploid sporophytes.
d. diploid sporophytes.
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