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Zero Waste 2020Zero Waste 2020A key step towards aA key step towards asustainablesustainable futurefuture
Dr Paul ConnettDr Paul ConnettProfessor Emeritus of ChemistryProfessor Emeritus of Chemistry
St Lawrence University, Canton, NYSt Lawrence University, Canton, NY
[email protected]@gmail.comwww.AmericanHealthStudies.owww.AmericanHealthStudies.or
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.americanhealthstudies.org/http://www.americanhealthstudies.org/http://www.americanhealthstudies.org/mailto:[email protected] -
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OUTLINEOUTLINE1.1.Waste management and the bigWaste management and the big
picturepicture
2.2.Arguments against incinerationArguments against incineration3.3.Incineration air emissionsIncineration air emissions
4.4.Incineration and dioxinsIncineration and dioxins
5.5.The alternative to landfills andThe alternative to landfills andincinerators: theincinerators: the Zero WasteZero WasteStrategy 2020Strategy 2020
6.6.Zero Waste initiatives worldwideZero Waste initiatives worldwide
7.7.Waste reduction initiativesWaste reduction initiatives
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.1.1Waste ManagementWaste Managementandandthe Big Picturethe Big Picture
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By the time a high schoolBy the time a high schoolstudent leaves school, he orstudent leaves school, he orshe will have watched overshe will have watched over350,000 TV commercials350,000 TV commercials..
Paul HawkenPaul Hawken The Ecology of CommerceThe Ecology of Commerce
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-Over advertisement-Over advertisementproducesproduces-Over consumption-Over consumption
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MythMyth versusversus RealityRealityMyth:Myth: the more you consume thethe more you consume thehappier you becomehappier you becomeReality:Reality: the more you consumethe more you consumethe fatter you become!the fatter you become! and the more waste youand the more waste you
produceproduce
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ManMan!Modern!Modern
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e wor aswenough forenough for
everyoneseveryones needneedbut not for everyonesbut not for everyones
greedgreed
Mahatma GandhiMahatma Gandhi
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We cannot run a throwawayWe cannot run a throwaway
society on a finite planetsociety on a finite planet We are robbing our own childrenWe are robbing our own childrenand grandchildrenand grandchildren
This is colonialism in time!This is colonialism in time! LandfillsLandfills BURYBURYthe evidencethe evidence IncineratorsIncinerators BURNBURNthe evidencethe evidence
We need to face the real problemWe need to face the real problem
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O u r ta sk is to fig h tO u r ta sk is to fig h tth eth e th ro w a w ay e th icth ro w a w ay e th ica n d a n d-o v e r co n su m p tio n-o v e r co n su m p tio n
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N o t o n ly isN o t o n ly is-o v e r co n su m p tio n-o v e r co n su m p tio n g iv in g u s ag iv in g u s a lo ca llo ca lw a ste crisisw a ste crisis
b u t a lsob u t a lso
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g lo b a l w a rm in gg lo b a l w a rm in g
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Global warmingGlobal warming,is the symptom,is the symptomwhat is the cause?what is the cause?
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The global crisisThe global crisisSince the IndustrialSince the Industrial
Revolution we haveRevolution we have
imposedimposed a linear societya linear society onon
a planet that functions ina planet that functions in
circlescircles
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ExtractionExtractionofof
virginvirginmaterialsmaterials
ProductionProductionofof
itemsitems
ConsumptioConsumptionn WasteWaste
A lin e a r so cie tyA lin e a r so cie tyENERGYENERGY
Solid wasteSolid waste
Air pollutionAir pollution
Water pollutionWater pollution
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
ENERGYENERGY
Solid waste produced bySolid waste produced byindustrial productionindustrial production
is 70 timesis 70 times thosethoseproduced by citizensproduced by citizens
GLOBALGLOBALWARMINGWARMING
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ENERGYENERGY ENERGYENERGY
&INCINERATION LANDFILLS&INCINERATION LANDFILLS
Solid wasteSolid waste
Air pollutionAir pollution
Water pollutionWater pollution
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
ExtractionExtractionofof
virginvirginmaterialsmaterials
ProductionProductionofof
itemsitems
ConsumptioConsumptionn WasteWaste
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ExtractionExtractionofof
virginvirginmaterialsmaterials
ProductionProductionofof
itemsitems
ConsumptioConsumptionn WasteWaste
Solid wasteSolid waste
Air pollutionAir pollution
Water pollutionWater pollution
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
ENERGYENERGY ENERGYENERGY
RECYCLING OF MATERIALSRECYCLING OF MATERIALS
GLOBALGLOBALWARMINGWARMING
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ExtractionExtractionofof
virginvirginmaterialsmaterials
ProductionProductionofof
itemsitems
ConsumptioConsumptionn WasteWaste
Solid wasteSolid waste
Air pollutionAir pollution
Water pollutionWater pollution
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
ENERGYENERGY ENERGYENERGY
REUSE OF OBJECTSREUSE OF OBJECTS
GLOBALGLOBALWARMINGWARMING
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ExtractionExtractionofof
virginvirginmaterialsmaterials
ProductionProductionofof
itemsitems
ConsumptioConsumptionn WasteWaste
Solid wasteSolid waste
Air pollutionAir pollution
Water pollutionWater pollution
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
ENERGYENERGY ENERGYENERGY
COMPOSTINGCOMPOSTING
GLOBALGLOBALWARMINGWARMING
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ExtractionExtractionofof
virginvirginmaterialsmaterials
ProductionProductionofof
itemsitems
ConsumptioConsumptionn WasteWaste
Solid wasteSolid waste
Air pollutionAir pollution
Water pollutionWater pollution
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
ENERGYENERGY ENERGYENERGY
WASTE REDUCTIONWASTE REDUCTIONINITIATIVESINITIATIVESAdvertising/TVAdvertising/TV
GLOBALGLOBALWARMINGWARMING
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We have to copyWe have to copy
naturenatureNature does not produce wasteNature does not produce waste
Waste is an invention of manWaste is an invention of man
Sustainable Society = Zero WasteSustainable Society = Zero WasteSocietySociety
Like Sustainability, Zero Waste in anLike Sustainability, Zero Waste in an
idealistic goalidealistic goalButBut Zero Waste 2020Zero Waste 2020 puts this goalputs this goal
within a realistic timeframewithin a realistic timeframe
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.2.2 ArgumentsArgumentsagainstagainstincinerationincineration
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They generate aThey generate a toxic ashtoxic ash which iswhich ispoorly handledpoorly handled
They generateThey generate toxic air emissionstoxic air emissions,,
which are poorly monitoredwhich are poorly monitoredThey areThey are extremely expensiveextremely expensive and aand a
poor investment for our children.poor investment for our children.
They areThey are very unpopularvery unpopular with thewith thepublic and pushed into communitiespublic and pushed into communitiesundemocraticallyundemocratically
Incineration isIncineration is not sustainablenot sustainable
There areThere are better alternativesbetter alternatives
Waste incineratorsWaste incinerators
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Incineration isIncineration is
extremely unpopularextremely unpopular
In the US over 300In the US over 300incinerator proposalsincinerator proposalsdefeated since 1985defeated since 1985
US has not permitted aUS has not permitted a
new trash incineratornew trash incineratorsince 1995.since 1995.
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Incineration is a poorIncineration is a poor
investmentinvestmentMost of the money spent onMost of the money spent on
incinerators goes intoincinerators goes intocomplicated machinery andcomplicated machinery andleaves the community,leaves the community,
whereaswhereasThe money spent on theThe money spent on the
alternatives goes into jobsalternatives goes into jobs
and stays in the community.and stays in the community.
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Incineration is notIncineration is not
sustainablesustainableIt wastesIt wastes material resourcesmaterial resources
It wastesIt wastes energyenergy
It wastes the opportunity toIt wastes the opportunity to fightfight
global warmingglobal warming and the manyand the manyother impacts of extracting andother impacts of extracting andprocessingprocessing virgin materialsvirgin materials
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T in o a n in cin e ra to rn o a n n c n e ra to ra s th re e b o xe sa s th re e b o xe s
1.1.
TheTheFurnaceFurnacewhichwhich
converts 100s ofconverts 100s oftons of trash intotons of trash into
trillions of tinytrillions of tinyparticlesparticles
and gases.and gases.
2.2.TheThe Air PollutionAir Pollutioncontrol devicescontrol devices
which attempt towhich attempt tocapture the tinycapture the tiny
particles and someparticles and someof the gasesof the gases
3.3.AA depositorydepository forforthe tiny particlesthe tiny particles
capturedcaptured(the fly ash)(the fly ash)
andandthe bottom ashthe bottom ash
Modern incineration ofModern incineration of
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Modern incineration ofModern incineration ofwastewaste
CHUTESECONDARYCHAMBER
TURBINE
BOILER
ELECTRICITY
STEAM
TRASHBOTTOM ASH FLY ASH
TEMP< 200oC
SEMI-DRYSCRUBBER
FABRICFILTER
WET SCRUBBER
DE-NOX
ACTIVATEDCHARCOAL
Ca(OH) 2 SUSPENSION
AMMONIAINJECTION
GRATES
For every three tons of trash you get about one ton of ashFor every three tons of trash you get about one ton of ash
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IncineratorsIncinerators
produceproducetoxic ashestoxic ashes
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Ash ManagementAsh ManagementIn Germany and Switzerland fly ash put intoIn Germany and Switzerland fly ash put into
nylon bags and placed in salt minesnylon bags and placed in salt mines
In Japan some incinerators vitrify the ashIn Japan some incinerators vitrify the ash
In the Netherlands they put the fly ash intoIn the Netherlands they put the fly ash into
asphalt and the bottom ash into road bedasphalt and the bottom ash into road bed
In DenmarkIn Denmark
they send all the ash to Norwaythey send all the ash to Norway
In the US the EPA allows the bottom ash andIn the US the EPA allows the bottom ash and
fly ash to be mixed together before testingfly ash to be mixed together before testing
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.3.3 Incineration airIncineration airemissionsemissions
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IncineratorsIncineratorsemitemittoxic gasestoxic gases
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Air EmissionsAir Emissions
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Respiratory DiseasesRespiratory Diseases
Allergy diseasesAllergy diseases
Bronchial asthmaBronchial asthma
Acute and chronicAcute and chronic
bronchitisbronchitis
Pulmonary emphysemaPulmonary emphysema
Pulmonary tumours andPulmonary tumours and
generally of thegenerally of the
respiratory apparatusrespiratory apparatus
PM 10
PM 2.5
Ashes Heart andAshes Heart and
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Ashes, Heart andAshes, Heart andStrokeStroke
Long-term exposition to air pollution andLong-term exposition to air pollution and
incidence of cardio-vascular diseases in womenincidence of cardio-vascular diseases in women
65,893 post-menopausal women;65,893 post-menopausal women;36 metropolitan areas in USA from 1994 to36 metropolitan areas in USA from 1994 to
19981998
High levels of particulate pollution increaseHigh levels of particulate pollution increasethe risk of dead by stroke the risk of dead by stroke
N Engl J Med 2007;356:447-58.N Engl J Med 2007;356:447-58.
http://content.nejm.org/ -
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Air EmissionsAir Emissions
COCO22 + H+ H22OO
AcidAcid GasesGases::HCI, HF, SOHCI, HF, SO22,,NONOXX
Toxic MetalsToxic Metals::Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr etc...Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr etc...
New compoundsNew compounds::PCBsPCBs (Policlorobifenils(Policlorobifenils))PCDDs (Dioxins)PCDDs (Dioxins)PCDFs (Furans)PCDFs (Furans)Benzene clorihydratesBenzene clorihydratesPhenolsPhenolsNaphthalenesNaphthalenesetcetc
Nano-Nano-
particlesparticles
v u
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v ufuelfuel
(kgs per thousand kwh)(kgs per thousand kwh)CarbonCarbondioxidedioxide
SulfurSulfurdioxidedioxide
NOxNOx PMPM MercuryMercury
NaturalNaturalGasGas
542542 0.00230.0023 0.540.54 0.030.03 0.45 x 10-80.45 x 10-8
RDFRDF(Refuse-derived(Refuse-derivedfuel)fuel)
22682268 0.4540.454 4.44.4 0.10.1 3147 x 10-83147 x 10-8
BiomassBiomass 17771777 0.2730.273 3.73.7 0.620.62 598 x 10-8598 x 10-8
Leaflet from Xcel EnergyLeaflet from Xcel Energy
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Incinerators &Incinerators &
NanoparticlesNanoparticlesDr. Antonietta GattiDr. Antonietta Gatti
Dr. Stefano MontanariDr. Stefano Montanari
Dr. Ernesto BurgioDr. Ernesto Burgio
Incinerators &Incinerators &
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Nanoparticles produced by incineratorsNanoparticles produced by incineratorsareare more dangerousmore dangerous than thosethan thoseproduces by other combustionsproduces by other combustions
They contain:They contain:qNeurotoxic metalsNeurotoxic metalsqStabilised free radicalsStabilised free radicalsqThousands of newly synthesizedThousands of newly synthesized
compounds (including PCBs, dioxinscompounds (including PCBs, dioxinsand furans).and furans). Any toxic element used in commerceAny toxic element used in commerce
has the potential to end up inhas the potential to end up innanoparticles produced bynanoparticles produced by
incineratorsincinerators
Incinerators &Incinerators &NanoparticlesNanoparticles
Incinerators &Incinerators &
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Both morbidity and mortality in largeBoth morbidity and mortality in largecities can be related to particulatecities can be related to particulatematter (PM) (from traffic, powermatter (PM) (from traffic, powerstations and industry)stations and industry)
As the particles get smaller theAs the particles get smaller therelationship gets strongerrelationship gets stronger
A modern incinerator convertsA modern incinerator convertshundreds or thousands of tons ofhundreds or thousands of tons oftrash each day into trillions oftrash each day into trillions ofnanoparticlesnanoparticles
These nanoparticles are theThese nanoparticles are the mostmost
Incinerators &Incinerators &NanoparticlesNanoparticles
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Surface area, particle number, and sizeSurface area, particle number, and sizeThe table shows the physical characteristics of a cloud of particlesThe table shows the physical characteristics of a cloud of particleswith airborne mass concentration of 10with airborne mass concentration of 10 g/mg/m33 when it is composed ofwhen it is composed ofparticles of various diameters. The number ofparticles of various diameters. The number ofparticles per unitparticles per unitvolumevolume in the air increases dramatically along with thein the air increases dramatically along with the surface areasurface areaper unit volume of airper unit volume of air, as the particle size decreases., as the particle size decreases.
Airborne massAirborne massconcentrationconcentration((g/mg/m33))
ParticlesParticlesdiameterdiameter((m)m)
Particles/ml ofParticles/ml ofariaaria Particle surfaceParticle surfaceareaarea((33/ml air)/ml air)
1010 22 1.21.2 2424
1010 0.50.5 153153 120120
1010 0.020.02 2,400,0002,400,000 30163016
Table modified from data of G. OberdorsterTable modified from data of G. Oberdorster
The relevance of this lies in the fact that any monitor collecting all ofThe relevance of this lies in the fact that any monitor collecting all ofthese particles in these three different conditions would always givethese particles in these three different conditions would always givethe same airborne mass concentration of 10the same airborne mass concentration of 10 g/mg/m33. However, the. However, thephysical characteristics of the cloud are very different for particlesphysical characteristics of the cloud are very different for particlesnumber and surface area and both of these are properties that mightnumber and surface area and both of these are properties that mighthave important impact on the lung.have important impact on the lung.
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Regulated size inRegulated size inincineratorsincinerators
emissionsemissions
NanoparticlesNanoparticles
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The dangers ofThe dangers of
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The dangers ofThe dangers ofnanoparticlesnanoparticles
Nanoparticles are not efficientlyNanoparticles are not efficiently
captured by air pollution controlcaptured by air pollution control
devicesdevicesTravel long distancesTravel long distances
Remain in suspension for a longRemain in suspension for a long
period of timeperiod of time
PPenetrate deep into the lungsenetrate deep into the lungs
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BLOODBLOOD
NanoparticlesNanoparticlesare so smallare so small
that canthat can
easily crosseasily crossthe membranesthe membranes
of the lungsof the lungs
Relation between ultrafine particles and cellular structures in theRelation between ultrafine particles and cellular structures in thelung.lung. Idealised particles of 10, 1 e 0.1Idealised particles of 10, 1 e 0.1 m are shown compared with am are shown compared with abronchial epitheliumbronchial epithelium; note that the top end of the range of ultrafine; note that the top end of the range of ultrafineparticles (0.1particles (0.1 m, 100 nm) is not really visible.m, 100 nm) is not really visible.
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Nano PathologyNano Pathology
Nanoparticles can easily crossNanoparticles can easily crossthe cell membranes of everythe cell membranes of every
tissuetissue
including the blood brainincluding the blood brain
barrier and the nuclearbarrier and the nuclearmembranemembrane
Nanoparticles can carryNanoparticles can carry
neurotoxic metals into theneurotoxic metals into the
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Nano PathologyNano Pathology
When theWhen the
nanoparticles are innanoparticles are in
the blood canthe blood can cancan
easily cross the celleasily cross the cellmembranes of everymembranes of every
tissuetissue
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&P a rticu la te re d&P a rticu la te re dg lo b u le sg lo b u le s
____20u_____
_____10u____
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Nanoparticles can crossNanoparticles can cross
the brain blood barrierthe brain blood barrier
Nano PathologyNano Pathology
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Nanoparticlescan carryNanoparticlescan carry
stabilized free radicalsstabilized free radicals(which cause oxidative stress(which cause oxidative stress- inflammation - many- inflammation - many
degenerative diseases) intodegenerative diseases) intoevery tissue in the bodyevery tissue in the body
Also dioxins and furansAlso dioxins and furans
Nano PathologyNano Pathology
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Free Radical AttackFree Radical Attack
Aus: Free RadicalsRandox Ltd.
Barium, Cromium, Iron and Silicon inBarium, Cromium, Iron and Silicon in
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the brainthe brain
www stefanomontanari netwww stefanomontanari net
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IdrocarburiIdrocarburiCloratiClorati
DiossineDiossinebrominate/clorate ebrominate/clorate e
furanifurani
OssidatoriOssidatori
CataliticiCatalitici
IdrocarburiIdrocarburipoliclicipoliclici
aromaticiaromatici
( l
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Zone 5 (coolZone 5 (cool
zone
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i lN i l
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Nanoparticles -Nanoparticles -
SummarySummaryNanoparticles are not efficientlyNanoparticles are not efficientlycaptured by air pollution controlcaptured by air pollution controldevicesdevices, are, are transported over longtransported over long
distancesdistances, and, and penetrate deep into thepenetrate deep into therespiratory systemrespiratory system..
All of which enhance the potentialAll of which enhance the potentialnegative health impact.negative health impact.
DAlesio A, DAnna A, Gambi G, Minutolo P, Sgro LA, Violi A. 1999.DAlesio A, DAnna A, Gambi G, Minutolo P, Sgro LA, Violi A. 1999.Combustion generated nanoparticles.Combustion generated nanoparticles. Chim Ind 81:10011006.Chim Ind 81:10011006.Kauppinen EI, Pakkanen TA. 1990.Kauppinen EI, Pakkanen TA. 1990. Coal combustion aerosols,Coal combustion aerosols, aafield-study.field-study. Environ Sci Technol 24:1811181Environ Sci Technol 24:1811181
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.4.4 Dioxins andDioxins andIncinerationIncineration
Dioxins - Major healthDioxins - Major health
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Dioxins Major healthDioxins Major healthconcernsconcerns
Dioxins accumulate in animal fat.Dioxins accumulate in animal fat. One liter of cowsOne liter of cowsmilk gives the same dose of dioxin as breathingmilk gives the same dose of dioxin as breathingair next to the cows forair next to the cows for EIGHT MONTHSEIGHT MONTHS (Connett(Connettand Webster, 1987).and Webster, 1987).
InIn one dayone day a grazing cow puts as much dioxin intoa grazing cow puts as much dioxin into
its body as a human being would get inits body as a human being would get in 14 years14 yearsof breathing (McLachlan, 1995)!of breathing (McLachlan, 1995)!Dioxins steadily accumulate in human body fat. TheDioxins steadily accumulate in human body fat. The
man cannot get rid of them BUT A woman canman cannot get rid of them BUT A woman can
by having a baby!by having a baby!Thus theThus the highest dosehighest dose of dioxin goes to the fetusof dioxin goes to the fetus
and then to the new born infantand then to the new born infant viaviabreastfeedingbreastfeeding
This is very worring becauseThis is very worring because dioxin interfers withdioxin interfers with
ox n: e g esox n: e g es
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ox n: e g esox n: e g esdose goes to thedose goes to the
fetusfetus
In nine months,In nine months,much of themuch of the
dioxindioxinaccumulated inaccumulated in20-30 years in20-30 years inthe mothersthe mothers
fat goes to thefat goes to the
Dioxins interfere withDioxins interfere with
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Dioxins interfere withDioxins interfere withfetal and infantfetal and infant
developmentdevelopmentDioxins act like fat soluble hormonesDioxins act like fat soluble hormones
Disrupt at least six differentDisrupt at least six differenthormonal systems:hormonal systems: male and femalemale and femalesex hormonessex hormones;; thyroid hormonesthyroid hormones;;insulininsulin;; gastrin and gluocorticoid.gastrin and gluocorticoid.
Linda S. Birnbaum (Health Effects ResearchLinda S. Birnbaum (Health Effects ResearchLaboratory, US EPA)Laboratory, US EPA) Developmental Effects of DioxinsDevelopmental Effects of DioxinsEnvironmental Health PerspectivesEnvironmental Health Perspectives,, 103103: 89-94, 1995: 89-94, 1995
Effects of dioxins onEffects of dioxins on
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Effects of dioxins onEffects of dioxins onthyroid function ofthyroid function of
new born babiesnew born babiesExamined 38 new born babies, divided themExamined 38 new born babies, divided them
into 2 groups:into 2 groups:
Low-exposedLow-exposed (mothers had average(mothers had average 18.6 ppt18.6 pptdioxins in milk fat, range 8.7 - 28)dioxins in milk fat, range 8.7 - 28)
High-exposedHigh-exposed (mothers had average(mothers had average 37.537.5pptppt dioxins in milk fat, range 29 - 63)dioxins in milk fat, range 29 - 63)
H.J. Pluim et al.,H.J. Pluim et al., The LancetThe Lancet, May 23, 1992. (Volume, May 23, 1992. (Volume
339, 1303)339, 1303)
Effect of Dioxins on Neonatal Thyroid FunctionEffect of Dioxins on Neonatal Thyroid Functionf d i h if L d Hi h i
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after Low-exposure and High-exposure at variousafter Low-exposure and High-exposure at variousagesages
Low-Low-exposureexposure(mean)(mean)
High-High-exposureexposure(mean)(mean)
P*P*
At birthAt birth T4T4 122.5122.5 134.3134.3 0.0710.071
T4/TBGT4/TBG 0.2400.240 0.2320.232 0.450.45
TSHTSH 10.410.4 11.911.9 0.580.58
1 week1 week T4T4 154.5154.5 178.7178.7 0.006*0.006*
T4/TBGT4/TBG 0.2910.291 0.3320.332 0.006*0.006*
TSHTSH
2.932.93
2.562.56
0.510.5111weeks11weeks T4T4 111.1111.1 122.2122.2 0.033*0.033*
T4/TBGT4/TBG 0.2200.220 0.2470.247 0.040*0.040*
TSHTSH 1.811.81 2.502.50 0.044*0.044*
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W E W A N T D IO X INW E W A N T D IO X IN
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Institute of MedicineInstitute of Medicine
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Institute of MedicineInstitute of Medicine(USA), 2003(USA), 2003
Fetuses and breastfeeding infantsFetuses and breastfeeding infantsmay be at particular risk frommay be at particular risk fromexposure to dioxin like compoundsexposure to dioxin like compounds
(DLCs) due to their potential to(DLCs) due to their potential tocausecause adverse neurodevelopmental,adverse neurodevelopmental,neurobehavioral, and immuneneurobehavioral, and immunesystem effectssystem effects in developingin developing
systemssystems
Institute of MedicineInstitute of Medicine
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The committee recommends thatThe committee recommends thatthe government place athe government place a high publichigh publichealth priorityhealth priority on reducing DLCon reducing DLCintakes by girls and young womenintakes by girls and young women inin
the years well before pregnancy isthe years well before pregnancy islikely to occur.likely to occur.
(by)(by) Substituting low-fat or skim milk,Substituting low-fat or skim milk,for whole milk,for whole milk, (and)(and) foods lowerfoods lowerin animal fatin animal fat
Institute of MedicineInstitute of Medicine(USA), 2003(USA), 2003
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How Man-made Chemicals are ThreateningHow Man-made Chemicals are Threatening
our Fertility, Intelligence and Survivalour Fertility, Intelligence and Survival
Theo Colborn, John Peterson Myers and DianneTheo Colborn, John Peterson Myers and Dianne
Dumanoski, 1994Dumanoski, 1994
Our Stolen FutureOur Stolen Future
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W E W A N T D IO X INW E W A N T D IO X IN
!O U T O F O U R F O O D !O U T O F O U R F O O D
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Do not buildDo not buildincineratorsincineratorswithin 50 km ofwithin 50 km of -food production -food productionparticularlyparticularlygrazing animalsgrazing animals
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Promoters say thatPromoters say thatmodernmodern incinerators haveincinerators have
solved the dioxinsolved the dioxin,problem but have,problem but havethey?they?
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Yang & Kim (2004).Yang & Kim (2004). Characteristics of dioxins andCharacteristics of dioxins andmetals emission from radwaste plasma arc meltermetals emission from radwaste plasma arc meltersystem.system. Chemosphere 57: 421-428Chemosphere 57: 421-428
When PVC was fed into the high-temperatureWhen PVC was fed into the high-temperaturemelter, a significant quantity of PCDD/Fs,melter, a significant quantity of PCDD/Fs,cadmium and leadcadmium and lead was emittedwas emitted..
Wet scrubbing with rapid quenching, as wellWet scrubbing with rapid quenching, as well
as a low temperature two-step fineas a low temperature two-step finefiltration, or both of them togetherfiltration, or both of them together cannotcannoteffectively control the volatile metaleffectively control the volatile metalspecies and gas-phase PCDD/Fs.species and gas-phase PCDD/Fs.
The removal of PVC from the feed wasteThe removal of PVC from the feed wastestream must also be effective to reduce thestream must also be effective to reduce the
emissions of the PCDD/Fs, cadmium andemissions of the PCDD/Fs, cadmium and
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While modernWhile modernincinerators haveincinerators havereduced dioxin emissionsreduced dioxin emissionsthere is no realthere is no real
accountabilityaccountabilityin most countriesin most countries
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Incineration is a asteIncineration is a waste
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Incineration is a wasteIncineration is a waste
of energy!of energy!
A combination of reuse, recyclingA combination of reuse, recycling
and composting savesand composting saves 3-4 times3-4 times
more energymore energy than that obtained bythan that obtained by
incinerationincineration Contact: Dr. Jeffrey Morris
jeff morris@zerowaste com
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ECONOMIC COSTSECONOMIC COSTSNatural Gas Burner for ROCK-Natural Gas Burner for ROCK-
TENNTENN = $ 11.2 million= $ 11.2 million
RDF(RDF(Refuse-derivedRefuse-derivedfuel)fuel)/biomass Burner/biomass Burner $300 - $500 million ?????$300 - $500 million ?????
Waste ManagementWaste Management
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ggOptions and ClimateOptions and Climate
Change. AEA 2002Change. AEA 2002Overall,Overall, source segregationsource segregation ofof
MSW (MSW (Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste),),followed byfollowed by recyclingrecycling (for(forpaper, metals, textiles andpaper, metals, textiles andplastics) andplastics) and ccomposting/ADomposting/AD(for putrescible wastes)(for putrescible wastes) givesgivesthe lowest net flux ofthe lowest net flux ofgreenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases compared tocompared to
other forms of treatment ofother forms of treatment of
Energy Comparison:Energy Comparison:
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gy pgy pRecyclingRecycling versusversus
incinerationincineration(ICF Consulting, 2005)(ICF Consulting, 2005)
52.0952.09
85.1685.1664.2764.27
9.499.49
EnergyEnergysavings fromsavings from
recyclingrecycling
GJ/tonneGJ/tonne
4.764.76
3.223.226.306.30
2.252.25
Energy outputEnergy outputfromfrom
incinerationincineration
GJ/tonneGJ/tonne
10.910.9
26.426.410.210.2
4.24.2
EnergyEnergy savingssavingsrecyclingrecycling
versusversus incinerationincineration
Other plasticOther plastic
PETPETHDPEHDPE
Other paperOther paper
MaterialMaterial
Kg GreenhouseKg Greenhouse
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gggas/tonne Municipalgas/tonne Municipal
WasteWaste
Waste Management Options and Climate Change. AEA 2002Waste Management Options and Climate Change. AEA 2002Slide by Attilio TornavaccaSlide by Attilio Tornavacca
-10-10Incineration producingIncineration producingelectricityelectricity
-366-366Mechanical-BiologicalMechanical-Biological
Treatment and storageTreatment and storage
-461-461Riecycling and compostingRiecycling and composting
46 X46 X
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Financial CostsFinancial Costs The greater part of the money spentThe greater part of the money spentin incinerating goes intoin incinerating goes into complicatecomplicatemachinerymachinery andand leaves the communityleaves the community ,,whereaswhereas
Money spent into alternatives goesMoney spent into alternatives goesinto the production ofinto the production of jobsjobs andandremains within the communityremains within the community
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Even if we made incinerationEven if we made incineration safesafe.we would never make it sensible.we would never make it sensibleIt simply does not make senseIt simply does not make sense totospend so much moneyspend so much money destroyingdestroyingresourcesresources we should be sharingwe should be sharing.with the future.with the future
( )Paul Connett( )Paul Connett
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IncinerationIncinerationisis notnotsustainablesustainable
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Waste & AgricultureWaste & Agriculture1.1.Landfills use up valuable landLandfills use up valuable land2.
3.3.Incinerators put persistent toxicsIncinerators put persistent toxicsinto the soil and foodinto the soil and food
4.
5.5.Rifiuti Zero 2020Rifiuti Zero 2020 attempts toattempts tomaximize the return of nutrientsmaximize the return of nutrientsto the soil and conserve soilto the soil and conserve soilqualityquality
W AS T E
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Z E RO W
A
NONO -TO A THROW-TO A THROWAWAY SOCIETYAWAY SOCIETY YESYES TO ATO A SUSTAINABLESUSTAINABLESOCIETYSOCIETYZERO WASTEZERO WASTE20202020
NONO TO INCINERATORS TO INCINERATORS
NONOTO LANDFILLSTO LANDFILLS
MOVING TO THEMOVING TO THEFRONT ENDFRONT ENDof resourceof resourcemanagementmanagementandandindustrialindustrialdesign fordesign forsustainabilitsustainabilityy
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DIFFERENTS TIMESDIFFERENTS TIMESDIFFERENT QUESTIONSDIFFERENT QUESTIONS
2020THTHCENTURYCENTURY
WASTE MANAGEMENTWASTE MANAGEMENT Ho w d o w e ge t ri dH o w d o w e g e t r i do f ou r w a s t eof ou r w a st ee f f ic i ent l y w i t he f fi c i e n t l y w i t h
m i n im u m d a m a ge t om i n i m u m d a m ag e t oo u r he a l th a nd t h eo u r h e a l t h a n d t h een v i r o n m e n t ?e n v i r o n me n t ?
2121STSTCENTURYCENTURY
RESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESOURCE MANAGEMENT H o w d o w e h an d l e o u rH o w d o w e ha n dl e o u rd i s ca r d ed r e s o u r c e s i nd i sc a rd e d r e s o u r c e s i nw a y s wh i c h d o n o tw a y s w h ic h do n ot
d e p ri v e f u t u r ed ep r i v e f u t u r e ,g en e r at i o ns of s o m e i f,ge n er a t io n s o f s o m e if,n o t a l l o f t h e i r,no t a l l o f t h ei rv a l u e ?v a l u e ?Key point wasKey point was
SAFETYSAFETYKey point isKey point is
SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY
Incineration: PerfectingIncineration: Perfecting
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Incineration: PerfectingIncineration: Perfectinga bad ideaa bad idea
Our task in the 21st CenturyOur task in the 21st Centuryis not to find better ways tois not to find better ways to
destroy discarded materialsdestroy discarded materials
But to stop making packagingBut to stop making packaging
and products that have to beand products that have to bedestroyed!destroyed!
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.5.5The SustainableThe Sustainable
alternative toalternative tolandfills andlandfills and:incineration:incinerationthe ZERO WASTEthe ZERO WASTE2020 strategy2020 strategy
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To achieve Zero WasteTo achieve Zero WasteWe need three things:We need three things:1.1.INDUSTRIAL RESPONSIBILITYINDUSTRIAL RESPONSIBILITY (at the front end)(at the front end)
2.2.COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITYCOMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY (at the back end)(at the back end)
3.3.GOOD LEADERSHIPGOOD LEADERSHIP (in both places)(in both places)
INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL
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INDUSTRIALUSRESPONSIBILITYRESPONSIBILITY
1.1.Design for sustainabilityDesign for sustainability
2.
3.3.Clean productionClean production4.
5.5.Extended Producer ResponsibilityExtended Producer Responsibility
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Extended ProducerExtended Producer
Responsibilty -Responsibilty - ProductsProductsX E R O X C O R P O R A T IO N E U R O P EX E R O X C O R P O R A T IO N E U R O P En Recovers copying machines from 16 differentRecovers copying machines from 16 different
countriescountriesn Takes them to huge warehouses in theTakes them to huge warehouses in the
,Netherlands where the machines are,Netherlands where the machines arestripped down for parts and materialsstripped down for parts and materials
n %95 of materials recovered for reuse or%95 of materials recovered for reuse or
!recycling!recyclingn This is saving XeroxThis is saving Xerox $76 millions a year$76 millions a year!!!!
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Solid waste is thevisible face of!inefficiency
For more examples ofFor more examples ofI d t i lI d t i l
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IndustrialIndustrial
ResponsibilityResponsibilityContact Gary Liss atContact Gary Liss at
[email protected]@garyliss.com
For more information on EPRFor more information on EPR
initiatives contact Bill Sheehaninitiatives contact Bill Sheehanatat [email protected]@productpolicy.org
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
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COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYRESPONSIBILITYRESPONSIBILITY
qCommunity responsibilityCommunity responsibility begins withbegins withSource SeparationSource Separation
q
qOneOne container forcontainer for compostablescompostables (i.e. the(i.e. theorganic fractionorganic fraction))
q
qOneOne (or more) containers for(or more) containers for recyclablesrecyclables
qqOneOne container for thecontainer for the residualsresiduals
COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITYCOMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY
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COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITYCOMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITYOur discarded materialsOur discarded materials
1. Avoidables1. Avoidables (ex. disposable plastic(ex. disposable plasticitems)items)
2. Reusables2. Reusables (ex. furniture,(ex. furniture,appliances)appliances)
3.3. ToxicsToxics (ex. paints, oils, batteries)(ex. paints, oils, batteries)4.4. CompostablesCompostables (ex. food scrap)(ex. food scrap)5. Recyclables5. Recyclables (ex. paper, glass,(ex. paper, glass,
metals)metals)
6. Residuals6. Residuals Residuals =Residuals =
COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITYCOMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY
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1. Avoidables1. Avoidables2. Reusables2. Reusables
3.3. ToxicsToxics4.4. CompostablesCompostables5. Recyclables5. Recyclables6. Residuals6. Residuals
D o o r toD o o r toD o o rD o o rD o o r toD o o r toD o o rD o o rD o o r toD o o r to
COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITYCOMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITYOur discarded materialsOur discarded materials
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Door to DoorDoor to DoorCollectionCollection
Th F t ti 3The Fantastic 3
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The Fantastic 3The Fantastic 3
The San Francisco SystemThe San Francisco System
A d l f DA d l f D
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A good example of DoorA good example of Door
to Door collectionto Door collection
San Francisco,San Francisco,CaliforniaCalifornia
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CompostingCompostingFacilityFacility
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ALL FOOD SCRAPS, YARDALL FOOD SCRAPS, YARD
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TRIMMINGS AND COMPOSTABLETRIMMINGS AND COMPOSTABLE
PAPER GO IN THEPAPER GO IN THE GREENGREEN CARTCART
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CompostingCompostingFacilityFacility
CityCity Rural AreasRural Areas
o rg a n ics g o to ao rg a n ics g o to a
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co m p o stin g fa cilityco m p o stin g fa cility
For San FranciscoFor San Francisco
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Aerazione forzataAerazione forzata
P a g e s b y E n zo F a v o i n oP a g e s b y E n z o F a v o i n o
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Forced VentilationForced Ventilation
THE COMPOST IS SOLD TO LOCALTHE COMPOST IS SOLD TO LOCALFARMERSFARMERS
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FARMERSFARMERS
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THE FOOD PRODUCED GOES BACKTHE FOOD PRODUCED GOES BACK
TO SAN FRANCISCOTO SAN FRANCISCO
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CompostingCompostingFacilityFacility
CityCity Rural AreasRural Areas
MaterialsMaterialsRecoveryRecovery
FacilityFacility
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RecyclingRecycling
ALL BOTTLES, CANS AND RECYCLABLEALL BOTTLES, CANS AND RECYCLABLE
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,PAPERPAPER
GO IN THEGO IN THE BLUEBLUE CARTCART
RecyclingRecycling
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RecyclingRecycling
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CompostingCompostingFacilityFacility
MaterialsMaterialsRecoveryRecovery
FacilityFacility
M a te ria ls R e co v e ryM a te ria ls R e co v e ry
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Fa cilityFa cility
at Pier 96at Pier 96
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W e h a ve to m in im izeW e h a ve to m in im izew h a t g o e s in tow h a t g o e s in toco n ta in e r 3 co n ta in e r 3th e re sid u a lsth e re sid u a ls
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WasteWaste
ReductionReductionInitiativesInitiatives
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??
CommunityCommunity
Initiatives toInitiatives toReduceReduceWasteWaste
CompostingCompostingFacilityFacility
MaterialsMaterialsRecoveryRecovery
FacilityFacility
Reuse & Repair CentreReuse & Repair Centre
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Burlington, VermontBurlington, Vermont
Recycle North (27 employees, grossRecycle North (27 employees, grossincome over $700,000) offers anincome over $700,000) offers anexcellent model of reuse, repair,excellent model of reuse, repair, jobjob
trainingtraining and deconstruction.and deconstruction.www.recyclenorth.orgwww.recyclenorth.orgSee also Urban Ore, BerkeleySee also Urban Ore, BerkeleyRevolve, Canberra, AustraliaRevolve, Canberra, Australia
Waste Wise, Georgetown, OntarioWaste Wise, Georgetown, OntarioEcoCycle, Boulder, ColoradoEcoCycle, Boulder, ColoradoEureka Recycling, St. Paul, MNEureka Recycling, St. Paul, MN
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ReuseReuse,,
RepairRepairandand
DecostructionDecostruction
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CompostingCompostingFacilityFacility
MaterialsMaterialsRecoveryRecovery
FacilityFacility
CommunityCommunity
Initiatives toInitiatives toReduceReduceWasteWaste
Reuse & Repair CentreReuse & Repair Centre
DecostructionDecostruction
ResidualResidual
ss??
between incinerationbetween incineration
d h Z Wd th Z W t
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and the Zero Wasteand the Zero Waste
strategystrategyIncineration attempts to make theIncineration attempts to make the
residuals disappearresiduals disappear
Zero Waste 2020Zero Waste 2020 needs to make theneeds to make theresiduals VERY VISIBLE, becauseresiduals VERY VISIBLE, because
Residual FractionResidual Fraction ==
Bad industrial designBad industrial design &&
Poor purchasing decisionsPoor purchasing decisions
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W e n e e dW e n e e d betterbetterin d u stria l d e sig nin d u stria l d e sig n ,,co m m u n ityco m m u n ityo rg a n iza tio no rg a n iza tio n andand
in d ivid u a lin d ivid u a lre sp o n sib ilityre sp o n sib ility toto
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Residual ScreeningResidual ScreeningFacilityFacility
andand
Research CentreResearch Centre
Nova Scotia,Nova Scotia,CanadaCanada
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CanadaCanada
TheseThese Residual Screening FacilitiesResidual Screening Facilitiesin operationin operation
They build these facilities in frontThey build these facilities in frontof landfillsof landfills
No residual can go to landfillNo residual can go to landfillwithout differentiationwithout differentiation
RESIDUAL SCREENING FACILITYRESIDUAL SCREENING FACILITY O p e ra tin g O p e ra tin ginin
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MOREMORETOXICSTOXICS
MOREMORERECYCLABLESRECYCLABLES
DIRTYDIRTYORGANICORGANICFRACTIONFRACTION
INTERIM LANDFILLINTERIM LANDFILL
BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICALSTABILIZATIONSTABILIZATION
N o v aN o v aS co tiaS co tia
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What we needWhat we need
RESIDUAL SCREENING &RESIDUAL SCREENING & RESEARCHRESEARCH FACILITYFACILITY
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NON-TOXIC, NON-NON-TOXIC, NON-BIODEGRADABLE FRACTIONBIODEGRADABLE FRACTION
DIRTYDIRTYORGANICORGANICFRACTIONFRACTION
INTERIM LANDFILLINTERIM LANDFILL
BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICALSTABILIZATIONSTABILIZATIONRESEARCHRESEARCHCENTERCENTER
MOREMORETOXICSTOXICS
MOREMORERECYCLABLESRECYCLABLES
RESIDUAL SCREENING &RESIDUAL SCREENING & RESEARCHRESEARCH FACILITYFACILITY
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NON-TOXIC, NON-NON-TOXIC, NON-BIODEGRADABLE FRACTIONBIODEGRADABLE FRACTION
DIRTYDIRTYORGANICORGANICFRACTIONFRACTION
BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICALSTABILIZATIONSTABILIZATIONRESEARCHRESEARCHCENTERCENTER
Interim LandfillInterim Landfill
MOREMORETOXICSTOXICS
MOREMORERECYCLABLESRECYCLABLES
RESIDUAL SCREENING &RESIDUAL SCREENING & RESEARCHRESEARCH FACILITYFACILITY
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NON-TOXIC, NON-NON-TOXIC, NON-BIODEGRADABLE FRACTIONBIODEGRADABLE FRACTION
DIRTYDIRTYORGANICORGANICFRACTIONFRACTION
RESEARCHRESEARCHCENTERCENTER
Interim LandfillInterim Landfill
20202020
MOREMORETOXICSTOXICS
MOREMORERECYCLABLESRECYCLABLES
RESIDUAL SCREENING &RESIDUAL SCREENING & RESEARCHRESEARCHFACILITYFACILITY
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NON-RECYCLABLE MATERIALSNON-RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
LocalLocalUniversityUniversity
Technical CollegeTechnical CollegeOROR
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON NEWSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON NEWUSES OF THE MATERIALSUSES OF THE MATERIALS
OBTAINED FROM WASTE ANDOBTAINED FROM WASTE ANDBETTER INDUSTRIAL DESIGNBETTER INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
RESIDUAL SCREENING &RESIDUAL SCREENING & RESEARCHRESEARCHFACILITYFACILITY
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TOXICSTOXICS
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
FOR A CLEAN PRODUCTIONFOR A CLEAN PRODUCTION
LocalLocal
UniversityUniversity
Technical CollegeTechnical CollegeOROR
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RESEARCH CENTERRESEARCH CENTERImproves capture rate of reusables,Improves capture rate of reusables,
recyclables and clean compostablesrecyclables and clean compostables(Captain Garbage - make it fun!)(Captain Garbage - make it fun!)
Recommends waste avoidanceRecommends waste avoidancestrategies for local businessesstrategies for local businessesDevelops some local uses for someDevelops some local uses for some
materialsmaterials
Recommends better industrialRecommends better industrialdesigns to industry on packaging,designs to industry on packaging,etcetc
Develops alternatives to some of theDevelops alternatives to some of the
toxics in products (batteries paintstoxics in products (batteries paints
The ResidualThe ResidualScreening &Screening & ResearchResearch
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Screening &Screening & ResearchResearch
FacilityFacility
Is the key link betweenIs the key link betweenCommunity ResponsibilityCommunity Responsibility
andandIndustrial ResponsibilityIndustrial Responsibility
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I suggestI suggest
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I suggestI suggestthe creation of athe creation of a
National Institute for aNational Institute for a Sustainable SocietySustainable Society
with the function of coordinating localwith the function of coordinating local
and regional research atand regional research at ResidualResidualScreening and Research FacilityScreening and Research Facility (= bad(= badindustrial design)industrial design)
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.1.1 Textile and LeatherTextile and Leather . %16 52. %16 52
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.2.2 DiaperDiaper . %13 95. %13 95
.3.3 Kitchen organic materialsKitchen organic materials . %10 56. %10 56
.4.4 :Other plastic non packaging:Other plastic non packaging . %9 98. %9 98
.5.5 Policoupled cellulosic packagingPolicoupled cellulosic packaging . %8 05. %8 05
.6.6 Policoupled plastic packagingPolicoupled plastic packaging . %7 45. %7 45
.7.7 Plastic flexible packagingPlastic flexible packaging . %6 81. %6 81
.8.8 Garden organic materialsGarden organic materials . %4 64. %4 64.9.9 (Plastic rigid packaging non(Plastic rigid packaging non)bottles)bottles . %3 23. %3 23.10.10 (Newsprint newspapers and(Newsprint newspapers and)magazines)magazines . %2 54. %2 54
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ResidualResidual
ScreeningScreening
&&ResearchResearch
FacilityFacilityReuse & Repair CentreReuse & Repair Centre
DecostructionDecostruction
CompostingCompostingFacilityFacility
MaterialsMaterialsRecoveryRecovery
FacilityFacility
CommunityCommunity
Initiatives toInitiatives toReduceReduceWasteWaste
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qReductionReductionqReuseReuseqReparationReparation
qDoor to DoorDoor to DoorqCompostingCompostingqRecyclingRecyclingqCollection of ResidualsCollection of Residualsq70% +70% +
DiversionDiversion
Remember thatRemember thatan incineratoran incineratorobtains only aobtains only a
75%75%of Reductionof Reduction
(at least one forth(at least one forth
remains asremains asASH)ASH)
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Wi h i i iWith i i ti
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With incineration With incineration
we convertwe convert 3 tons of3 tons of
trashtrash into:into: 11 ton ofton oftossic ashestossic ashes
that nobody wantsthat nobody wants!!!!!!
With the Zero WasteWith the Zero WasteStrategyStrategy
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StrategyS a egy
We convertWe convert 33 tons oftons ofwastewaste
into:into: 1 ton of compostables1 ton of compostables
1 ton of recyclables1 ton of recyclables andand
1 ton of awareness1 ton of awareness
The Message toThe Message toIndustryIndustry
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Industrydus y
qIf we cantIf we cant reuse itreuse it,, recycle itrecycle itoror compost itcompost it,,
q
qIndustry shouldnt be makingIndustry shouldnt be makingit!!!it!!!
q
qAnd we shouldnt be buyingAnd we shouldnt be buyingit!it!
Another three reasons whyAnother three reasons whyZero Waste 2020Zero Waste 2020 is betteris better
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than incinerationthan incinerationJobs!Jobs!
Jobs!!Jobs!!
Jobs!!!Jobs!!!
EconomyEconomy
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EconomyEconomy
Reusing and repairingReusing and repairing makesmakesmoneymoney
DecostructingDecostructing makes moneymakes money
CompostingComposting saves moneysaves money (less(lessexpensive then landfilling andexpensive then landfilling andincinerating)incinerating)
RecyclingRecycling makes moneymakes money (less(less
expensive then landfilling andexpensive then landfilling andincinerating)incinerating)
If the recycled materials are usedIf the recycled materials are usedby local businnesby local businnes recycling canrecycling can
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Completing the passage fromCompleting the passage fromwaste disposal to resourcewaste disposal to resource
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recoveryrecovery
Rick AnthonyRick Anthony Discarded resources dividedDiscarded resources divided
into 12 market categoriesinto 12 market categories
Eric LombardiEric Lombardi The Zero Waste ParkThe Zero Waste Park
Discarded resources dividedDiscarded resources divided
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:Note Half of the pie is composed by Organic Material suitable for:Note Half of the pie is composed by Organic Material suitable forCompostingComposting
Metals
6% Glass
3%
Paper
37%
Wood
4%
Soil
1%
Textiles
4%
Ceramic
2%
Chemicals
0%Reuse
3%
Polymers
11%
Putrescibles
19%
Plants trimmings
10%
into 12 market categoriesinto 12 market categories
The Zero Waste ParkThe Zero Waste Park
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www.ecocycle.orgwww.ecocycle.org
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SummarySummary
SeparationSeparationat theat the
i ii i
Door to doorDoor to doorcollectioncollection
CompostingComposting
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WasteWasteReductionReduction
InitiativesInitiatives
RecyclingRecyclingReuseReuse
andandRepairRepair
originorigincollectioncollection
SeparazioneSeparazionedel Residuo edel Residuo e
Centro diCentro diricercaricerca
FinancialFinancial
IncentivesIncentives
Interim LandfillInterim Landfill202202
12 categories12 categories&&
ResourceResourceRecoveryRecoveryParkPark
The waste problemThe waste problem
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The waste problemThe waste problemIs too important to be left toIs too important to be left to
waste expertswaste experts
We need all sectors involved if weWe need all sectors involved if we
are to move towards a sustainableare to move towards a sustainablesocietysociety
As far as sustainability isAs far as sustainability is
concerned the waste problem is aconcerned the waste problem is afabulous place to startfabulous place to start
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Zero WasteZero Waste20202020
SustainableSustainable
agricultureagriculture EducationEducation
IndustrialIndustrialDesign &Design &
Labour UnionsLabour Unions
CommunityCommunity
developmentdevelopment SustainableSustainableEconomicEconomic
DevelopmentDevelopment
SustainableSustainableEnergyEnergy
ArchitectureArchitecture
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.6.6 Zero Waste Zero Wasteinitiativesinitiativesworldwideworldwide
Zero waste initiativesZero waste initiatives
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around the worldaround the world www.GRRN.orgwww.GRRN.org
www.ZWIA.orgwww.ZWIA.org www.CRRA.orgwww.CRRA.org
www.ecocycle.orgwww.ecocycle.org
Nova ScotiaNova Scotia(Canada)(Canada)
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50% diversion in 5 years50% diversion in 5 years (Halifax ~(Halifax ~60%)60%) (programme chosen by citizens(programme chosen by citizensand designed by Dr. Jeffrey Morris)and designed by Dr. Jeffrey Morris)
10001000 jobs created collecting andjobs created collecting and
treating discarded materialstreating discarded materials sincesinceApril 1996April 1996
AnotherAnother 20002000 jobs created in thejobs created in theindustries handling the collectedindustries handling the collected
materialmaterial1000 + 2000 =1000 + 2000 = 30003000 jobsjobs
The Brescia (Italy) incinerator costsThe Brescia (Italy) incinerator costs
300 000 000300,000,000
but created onlybut created only
8080
The Brescia (Italy)The Brescia (Italy)incineratorincinerator
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incineratorincinerator
This incinerator costsThis incinerator costs 300,000,000300,000,000 withoutwithoutincluding the cost of the citys heating facilitiesincluding the cost of the citys heating facilities
British Columbia,British Columbia,CanadaCanada
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The following regional districts haveThe following regional districts havedeclareddeclared zero wastezero waste::
qNelsonNelson
qKootenayKootenay
q SmithersSmithers
qCowichan ValleyCowichan Valley
qNanaimoNanaimo
www.ZWIA.orgwww.ZWIA.org
Ontario, CanadaOntario, Canada
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The city of Markham (northThe city of Markham (northof Toronto) has divertedof Toronto) has diverted
70%70% from landfill infrom landfill in 22 years.years.Contact: Councillor Erin ShapiroContact: Councillor Erin Shapiro
[email protected]@markam.cawww.Markham.cawww.Markham.ca
Prince Edward Island,Prince Edward Island,CanadaCanada
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Whole island has door to doorWhole island has door to door
collection of recyclables andcollection of recyclables and
compostablescompostables
United KingdomUnited Kingdom
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g
The following have declared aThe following have declared azero wastezero waste objective:objective:
qDoncasterDoncasterqBathBath
qNE Somerset District CouncilNE Somerset District Council
www.ZWIA.orgwww.ZWIA.org
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California, USACalifornia, USA
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More than 500 towns haveMore than 500 towns have
diverted more than 50%diverted more than 50%
San Francisco USASan Francisco USA
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San Francisco, USASan Francisco, USAPopulation = 850,000Population = 850,000Very little spaceVery little space
50% waste diverted by 200050% waste diverted by 200063% waste diverted by 200463% waste diverted by 200469% waste diverted by 200769% waste diverted by 2007
75% waste diverted by 201075% waste diverted by 2010(goal)(goal)
100% (or very close!) by 2020 100% (or very close!) by 2020
Z W tZ W t
Los Angeles USALos Angeles USA
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Los Angeles, USALos Angeles, USA4 million of people4 million of people
Current diversion = 60%Current diversion = 60%
Goal for 2015 = 70%Goal for 2015 = 70%
Goal for 2025 = 90%Goal for 2025 = 90%
Burlington, Vermont,Burlington, Vermont,USAUSA
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USAUSAHas an excellent example of REUSE ANDHas an excellent example of REUSE AND
REPAIR CENTREREPAIR CENTRE
Income ~$1 million/yearIncome ~$1 million/year
27 full-time JOBS27 full-time JOBS
Includes training and buildingIncludes training and buildingdeconstructiondeconstruction
AustraliaAustralia
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The following have declared aThe following have declared a zerozerowastewaste goal:goal:
qCanberraCanberra
qThe State of South AustraliaThe State of South Australia
qThe State of Western AustraliaThe State of Western Australia
qThe State of VictoriaThe State of Victoria
www.ZWIA.orgwww.ZWIA.org
AustraliaAustralia
Canberra AustraliaCanberra Australia
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Canberra, AustraliaCanberra, AustraliaPassed law Passed law No Waste by 2010No Waste by 2010
Currently overCurrently over 70%70% diversiondiversion
Setting up a Setting up a Resource RecoveryResource RecoveryParkPark to locate all the industries to locate all the industries
which can make products out ofwhich can make products out ofseparated materialsseparated materials
New ZealandNew Zealand
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OverOver 70%70% of communitiesof communities
have declared a Zero Wastehave declared a Zero Waste
strategystrategy
ItalyItaly
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Door to DoorDoor to DoorItaly has pioneered a newItaly has pioneered a new
door to door collectiondoor to door collection
systems to maximize thesystems to maximize thecollection of clean organiccollection of clean organicmaterialmaterial
Important work done byImportant work done byEnzo Favorino from theEnzo Favorino from theAgricultural School in theAgricultural School in theParco Monza, near Milan.Parco Monza, near Milan.
ItalyItaly
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OverOver 20002000 communitiescommunities
in Italy are achievingin Italy are achievingoverover 50%50% diversiondiversion
using a door to doorusing a door to door
collection systemscollection systems
ommun es n e az oommun es n e az oregionregion that have diverted morethat have diverted morethan 50% using athan 50% using a door-to-doordoor-to-door
ll ti t ill ti t i ll
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collection system incollection system in only oneonly oneyear!year!
52%4.700Castelforte
50%1.670Bassiano54%3.029Monterosi
65%4.200Lenola
64%7.000Sermoneta54%7.154Sonnino
%
divertedPopulationCommune
ItalyItaly
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In the North,In the North, NovaraNovara
(population 100.000) at 70%(population 100.000) at 70%
diversiondiversion in only 18 months!in only 18 months!
ItalyItaly
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In the province ofIn the province ofTrevisoTreviso 2222Communes reachedCommunes reached 76%76%
diversion indiversion in 55yearsyears
4 communes > 80%4 communes > 80%
Diversion is less expensiveDiversion is less expensive
7474 vs.vs. 9292 Euro/tonEuro/ton
ItalyItaly
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Villafranca dAstiVillafranca dAsti
(population 30.000)(population 30.000)
diverteddiverted 85%85%
ItalyItaly
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Province of NaplesProvince of NaplesSan Sebastiano al VesuvioSan Sebastiano al Vesuvio > 70%> 70%
VollaVolla > 70%> 70%
Meta di SorrentoMeta di Sorrento > 70%> 70%
Vico EquenseVico Equense > 70%> 70%
SorrentoSorrento > 70%> 70%
Quartiere Colli AmineiQuartiere Colli Aminei = 73% (in three= 73% (in threemonths!)months!)
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QUANTITATIVE RESULTS
QUANTITATIVE RESULTS INCREASE % OF DIVERSIONINCREASE % OF DIVERSION
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INCREASE % OF DIVERSIONINCREASE % OF DIVERSION
27,18%33,64%
65,64%70,42% 73,82%
75,63%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
CONSORZIO ANNO 2000
(14 COMUNI)
CONSORZIO ANNO 2001
(14 COMUNI)
CONSORZIO ANNO 2002
(14 COMUNI)
CONSORZIO ANNO 2003
(18 COMUNI)
CONSORZIO ANNO 2004
(22 COMUNI)
CONSORZIO ANNO 2005
(22 COMUNI)
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IS DIVERSION MORE EXPENSIVE?IS DIVERSION MORE EXPENSIVE?
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ANDAMENTO DEI COSTI DI GESTIONE OPERATIVA
CON E SENZA RACCOLTA DIFFERENZIATA
91,64
67,68
73,92
60,58
65,69
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
ANNO
/a
Operating costs without diversionOperating costs without diversion
Operating costs with diversionOperating costs with diversion
TREND OF OPERATING COSTS WITH AND WITHOUT DIVERSION
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Paolo ContPaolo Cont
[email protected]@priula.it
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.7.7 Examples ofExamples ofwaste reductionwaste reductioninitiavesinitiaves
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A pinch ofA pinch ofcreativity at thecreativity at thefront end couldfront end couldsave millions atsave millions atthe back endthe back end
Tasmania, AustraliaTasmania, Australia
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Tasmania, AustraliaTasmania, Australia In 2003, Coles Bay, Tasmania,In 2003, Coles Bay, Tasmania,
forbid plastic bags.forbid plastic bags. Since thenSince then
80 communities did the same.80 communities did the same.
IrelandIreland
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IrelandIrelandIn 2003 Ireland introduced aIn 2003 Ireland introduced a 1515cent tax on plastic shoppingcent tax on plastic shoppingbagsbags::
Use of plastic bags reducedUse of plastic bags reducedby over 90% in one yearby over 90% in one year
In 2003 the remaining 8%In 2003 the remaining 8%generated overgenerated over 12,7 million12,7 million
GermanyGermany
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GermanyGermany
ItalyItaly
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A supermarket chain nearA supermarket chain nearFlorence is providingFlorence is providingdispensers which allowdispensers which allowcustomers to refillcustomers to refill shampooshampooandand detergentdetergent bottlesbottles
OthersOthers winewine,, waterwaterandand milkmilk
Italian initiatives for reductionItalian initiatives for reduction
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Principles for aPrinciples for aWise Waste Management in theWise Waste Management in the
2121stst centurycentury
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3.3.Integrate with other aspects ofIntegrate with other aspects of
sustainability:sustainability:
education;education;
agriculture;agriculture;
architecture e construction;architecture e construction;
conservation of energy;conservation of energy;
industrial design;industrial design;
tourism;tourism;
community development and economiccommunity development and economic
y
IncinerationIncineration
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c e a oViolates almost all the previousViolates almost all the previous
principlesprinciples
TheThe ZeroWaste 2020ZeroWaste 2020 strategystrategydoes notdoes not
Then, why does aThen, why does a Zero WasteZero Waste20202020 strategy exists?strategy exists?
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W a ste is n o t aW a ste is n o t aa technical problema technical problemb u t a p ro b le m o fb u t a p ro b le m o f in d u stria l d e sig nin d u stria l d e sig n
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NON-RECYCLABLE MATERIALSNON-RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
RESIDUAL SCREENING &RESIDUAL SCREENING & RESEARCHRESEARCHFACILITYFACILITY
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LocalLocalUniversityUniversity
Technical CollegeTechnical CollegeOROR
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Household ToxicHousehold ToxicWasteWaste
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CommunityCommunityInitiatives toInitiatives to
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Reuse & Repair CentreReuse & Repair Centre
DecostructionDecostruction
CompostingCompostingFacilityFacility
MaterialsMaterialsRecoveryRecovery
FacilityFacility
Initiatives toInitiatives toReduceReduceWasteWaste
ResidualResidual
ScreeningScreening
&&ResearchResearchFacilityFacility
HouseholdHouseholdtoxictoxic
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GoodGoodleadershipleadership
A GOOD LEADERSHIPA GOOD LEADERSHIP
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We need political andWe need political andeconomic leaders witheconomic leaders with
big visionbig vision imaginationimagination
and and
WHO ARE NOT BORING!WHO ARE NOT BORING!
HUMAN BORINGSHUMAN BORINGS
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Have no imaginationHave no imaginationHave no visionHave no vision
Have no sense of humourHave no sense of humourAre obsessively tidyAre obsessively tidy
Confuse being clever with being wiseConfuse being clever with being wiseHave more faith in machines thanHave more faith in machines than
peoplepeopleBelieve science and technology canBelieve science and technology can
fix every problemfix every problemBelieve man is the centre of theBelieve man is the centre of the
universe...universe......and a womans place is in the...and a womans place is in the
Boring expertsBoring experts
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think with thethink with the
wrong end ofwrong end oftheir bodies!their bodies!
A BACK END thinkerA BACK END thinker
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1. A CUP1. A CUP
2. A BUCKET2. A BUCKET
3. A FOOT PUMP3. A FOOT PUMP
4. AN ELECTRIC PUMP4. AN ELECTRIC PUMP
A FRONT END thinkerA FRONT END thinker
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O u r ta sk is to fig h tO u r ta sk is to fig h tth eth e th ro w a w ay e th icth ro w a w ay e th ica n d a n d-o v e r co n su m p tio n-o v e r co n su m p tio n
Community developmentCommunity developmentis the antidote to over-is the antidote to over-consumptionconsumption
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ppOver-consumption is based onOver-consumption is based on
the accumulation of objectsthe accumulation of objects
Community developmentCommunity developmentrevolves around humanrevolves around human
relationsrelations
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,Make love,Make love !not waste!not waste
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But there is a majorBut there is a major
obstacle:obstacle:
T h e B a d La wT h e B a d La wLe
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LeLevevellofof
ppollollututioio
nnLevel of corruptionLevel of corruption
NaplesNaples
Le
The Good LawThe Good Law
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LeLevevellofof
ppollollututioio
nn
Level of public participationLevel of public participation
Public OppositionPublic Opposition
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In the USA over 300In the USA over 300proposals ofproposals of
incinerators defeatedincinerators defeatedbetween 1985 andbetween 1985 and19951995
USA have not allowedUSA have not allowed
Three finalThree finalmessagesmessages
TO CITIZENS:TO CITIZENS: Dont let the expertsDont let the experts
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pp
take your common sense away.take your common sense away.
TO POLITICIANS:TO POLITICIANS: Put your faith back inPut your faith back in
people - stop trying to solve all yourpeople - stop trying to solve all yourproblems with overpaid consultantsproblems with overpaid consultantsand magic machines!and magic machines!
TO ACTIVISTS:TO ACTIVISTS:
HAVE FUN!HAVE FUN!
ConclusionsConclusions
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We dont need incinerators!We dont need incinerators!
There are better alternatives:There are better alternatives:
qbetter becausebetter because sicuresicure,,qbetter for thebetter for the economyeconomy,,qbetter forbetter for our childrenour children,, eeqbetter for thebetter for the planetplanet..
W h e n y o u b u ildW h e n y o u b u ild a n a nin cin e ra to rin cin e ra to r, you are, you area d ve rtisin g to th e w o rld th ea d ve rtisin g to th e w o rld th e
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y o u a rey o u a re n o t cle ve rn o t cle ve r -enough -enoughe ith e r p o litica lly o r te ch n ica llye ith e r p o litica lly o r te ch n ica lly-- to re co v e rto re co v e r y o u r d isca rd e dy o u r d isca rd e dresourcesresourcesTHISCOMMUNIT
Y
THISCOMMUNITY
ISNOTREA
DY
ISNOTREA
DY
FORTHEDEMANDS
FORTHED
EMANDS
OFTHE21ST
OFTHE21ST
CENTURY.
CENTURY.
TAX PAYERSTAX PAYERS $ DOLLARS$ DOLLARS JOBSJOBS
ENERGYENERGY SMALLSMALLBUSINESS OPPORTUNITIESBUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
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FLEXIBILITYFLEXIBILITY VISIONVISION RESOURCESRESOURCES IMMAGINATIONIMMAGINATION CREATIVITYCREATIVITY COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
RESPONSABILITYRESPONSABILITY INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL
RESPONSABILITYRESPONSABILITY
SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY
GodGod
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recycles,recycles,
the devilthe devil
burnsburns
The Battle HymnThe Battle Hymnof garbage
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of garbage (Coro)(Coro)We dont want incinerationWe dont want incineration
We dont want incinerationWe dont want incineration
We dont want incinerationWe dont want incinerationWe know theres a better way!We know theres a better way!
The Battle HymnThe Battle Hymn
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of garbageof garbageMine eyes have seen the garbageMine eyes have seen the garbageThats a smoldering on the grateThats a smoldering on the grate
We must stop incinerationWe must stop incineration
Before it is too lateBefore it is too late
Unless we wish the dangersUnless we wish the dangers
We had better separateWe had better separate