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Smart Cities and Environmental Change
PETER BRIMBLECOMBE School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong Kong
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ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Climate - temperature Climate - water
Air pollution
Subtlety of the change
Validity of high-tech or heavy engineering solutions
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HEAT DEATH
Forzieri et al.(2017) Increasing risk over time of weather... The Lancet Planetary Health, e200 - e208
2700 annual heat-related fatalities in Europe projected grow ~150000 by 2071-00
Results "could be overestimated” South Korea's Seoul National University
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8 DAYS IN PARIS (Aug 2003) T>30o C
14,802 heat-related deaths>30
Health Minister Mattei criticized and shuffled out of ministry
Families and GPs vacationing
Weakest individuals had fewer deaths - in care
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8 DAYS IN HONG KONG (Jun 2016) T>30o C
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DEFINING A HEAT WAVE
Measured relative to usual weather
People from hotter climates consider normal a heat wave in cooler areas (sociological)
However some modellers assume a threshold (physiological) Robinson, Peter J. (April 2001). "On the Definition of a Heat Wave". Journal of
Applied Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. 40 (4): 762–775.
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IT’S NOT THE HEAT IT’S THE HUMIDITY!
However, it is about wet bulb rather than dry bulb temperatures.
At 46 °C and RH 50% the wet-bulb T would be 35 °C
Core ~37°C
Skin <35 °C
cotton, is pervious to sweat, but impervious to radiant heat
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HEAT- ADAPTABLE HUMIDITY- PHYSIOLOGICAL LIMIT
Eun-Soon et al (2017) Deadly heat waves projected in the densely populated agricultural regions of South Asia Science Advances
Europe may adapt to hot weather India may be at the physiological limit
HIGH WET BULB TEMPERATURES
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WHY SO SERIOUS ON INDIAN SUBCONTINENT?
Monsoon system transports warm and humid air masses into the Indus and Ganges valleys
Elevations <100 m so surface air generally warmer than surrounding areas
Valleys irrigated, enhancing water content via modifications to surface energy balance
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WETBULB TEMPERATURES LIMIT TO SURVIVABILITY
Urban heat islands can enhance temperatures, but lack of vegetation lowers RH
Risk to agricultural workers
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TECHNOLOGICAL FIX
Issue of poverty France criticised for
not building in air conditioning
Is it the solution?
Let them install air conditioning
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SMART SOLUTIONS Air conditioning
Often argued as a solution, but problems Tw>35o – need dehumidification
Architecture Massive overhanging roofs
Inset windows Heavy mass Minimal surface area Ventillated
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PRECIPITATION CHANGE WATER SUPPLY
Clean Drinking water is limited, global warming adds pressure to security of HK supply
1963, Hong Kong citizens queuing
for water
David van Eiff (PhD SEE) An Optimal Water Mix for Hong Kong
http://www.hko.gov.hk/prtver/html/docs/hko_virtualtour/vtour/vtour_e/details/p8_1.shtml
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LANDSLIDES General view that more
rain means more landslides.
Challenged “landslide frequency in many humid landscapes may be insensitive to projected changes in the frequency of intense rainfall events”
Parker et al (2016) Colluvium supply in humid regions limits the frequency of storm-triggered landslides Scientific Reports 6, 34438
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LANDSLIDES Hong Kong Slope
Safety System is well regarded
Changes may be driven more by maintenance
http://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/achievements/geotechnical/safety_system/index.html
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INCREASED URBAN RUN OFF
Hamdi et al (2011) Effects of urbanization and climate change on surface runoff of the Brussels Capital Region, Int. J. Climatol
Urban fabric or climate change
Maintenance!
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DRIVEN BY HARD SURFACES URBAN SURFACES
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SMART Tunnel Kuala Lumpur–
Expressway Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel
2011: SMART tunnel received the UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award
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SOAKWAYS
Softer surfaces as part of street sign
Designs - smart and active
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VARIABLE URBAN LAND USE
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SOIL MOISTURE CHANGE CHANGE IN ANNUAL MEAN SOIL MOISTURE (UPPER 10 cm)
2081–2100
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OLD PARADIGMS BREAK DOWN
EMISSIONS
CONCENTRATIONS
EXPOSURE
HEALTH
These may not follow a nice linearity
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SEPTEMBER 1986 REMOVE LEAD
EMISSIONS ≠ CONCENTRATION SECONDARY POLLUTANTS- PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
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EXPOSURE PARADIGM
Emissions and over concentrations may not relate to exposure
At home/in transit/in shops/waiting for a bus
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Varied activities mean that: CONCENTRATION OUTDOORS ≠ EXPOSURE
Home may be
important!
CONCENTRATION ≠ EXPOSURE
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HEALTH OUTCOME ≠ CONCENTRATION
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mobile Coal Crustal
% D
aily
mor
talit
y
-
Laden et al Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities Environmental Health Perspectives 108, 941-947( 2000)
Impact of 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 from various sources
e.g. particle size or composition may drive health outcomes
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AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT TO REVERSE DIRECTION
EMISSIONS
CONCENTRATIONS
EXPOSURE
HEALTH Requires going beyond emission reduction, rather encourage social changes
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NOT SMART
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BUS IS BANNED!
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40826648
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-40492697
Restructuring cities
Changing transport
Walkability Urban green
spaces
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CONCLUSIONS SMARTNESS MAY INVOLVE RECOGNISING 1 subtlety of environmental change 2 potential of sociological and soft fixes 3 appropriate technology/engineering
THE END