Social Neuroeconomics:Strong Reciprocity of ‘Hot Logic’ ?
Benoit Hardy-ValléeDepartment of Philosophy
University of Toronto1
Cooperation in behavioral economics and neuroeconomics
The received view :
‘Strong Reciprocity’
- inequity-aversion - cooperation - punishing cheaters
Alternative account:
‘Hot Logic’
- egoist cognition - methodological hedonism
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Game theory
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Prisoner’s dilemma
Ultimatum Game
Trust Game
ConfessRemainsilent
Confess - 5, -5 - 10, 0
Remainsilent 0, -10 - 2, -2
The prisoner’s dilemma
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Prisoner’s dilemma
Ultimatum Game
Trust Game
the ‘warm glow’ of cooperation
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Prisoner’s dilemma
Ultimatum Game
Trust Game
Rilling, J., Gutman, D., Zeh, T., Pagnoni, G., Berns, G., & Kilts, C. (2002). A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron, 35(2), 395-405.
Ultimatum Game
Proposer
$9/$1 ...$1/$9$8/$2.... ...
Responder
Accept/reject
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Prisoner’s dilemma
Ultimatum Game
Trust Game
‘unfair’ offers trigger moral disgust and cognitive conflict
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Prisoner’s dilemma
Ultimatum Game
Trust Game
Sanfey, A. G., Rilling, J. K., Aronson, J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. Science, 300(5626), 1755-1758.
1.
Trust Game
A.(Y$)
B.(Y$)
x$ x 3=x$
3x$
2. A.(Y-x $)
B.(Y + 3x$)
Z$
A.(Y-x)+Z $)
B.(Y + 3x) –Z $)
3.
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Prisoner’s dilemma
Ultimatum Game
Trust Game
the ‘sweet taste’ of revenge:
Punishment is predicted by activity in the striatum
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Prisoner’s dilemma
Ultimatum Game
Trust Game
de Quervain, D. J., Fischbacher, U., Treyer, V., Schellhammer, M., Schnyder, U., Buck, A., et al. (2004). The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science, 305(5688), 1254-1258.
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Interpreting Neuroeconomics
Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U., & Gachter, S. (2002). Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enforcement of social norms. Human Nature, 13(1), 1-25.Fehr, E., & Rockenbach, B. (2004). Human altruism: economic, neural, and evolutionary perspectives. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 14(6), 784-790.Gintis, H. (2000). Strong Reciprocity and Human Sociality. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 206(2), 169-179.Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., E., F., & Gintis, H. (2004). Foundations of Human Sociality: Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-Scale Societies: Oxford University Press.Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., et al. (2005). "Economic man" in cross-cultural perspective: behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. Behav Brain Sci, 28(6), 795-815; discussion 815-755.
Strong Reciprocity :
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Strong Reciprocity
willing to sacrifice resources in order to:
- reward fair behavior - punish unfair behavior
even if there is no direct or future reward
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Strong vs Weak Reciprocity
genetic relatedness (kinship) tit-for-tat (direct reciprocity)good reputation (indirect reciprocity) signs of power or wealth (coslty signaling).
Weak
Strong
Pro-social preferences and actionsInequity-averison
Others’utility detector
inter-agentsutility
comparator
Personal utility detector
planning
categorization
memory ofpast encounters
Mechanisms of Social Reciprocity
cooperate or
punish
equal
unequal
fair
unfair
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Others’utility detector
inter-agentsutility
comparator
Personal utility detector
planning
categorization
memory ofpast encounters
Inequity aversion
cooperate or
punish
equal
unequal
fair
unfair
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Others’utility detector
inter-agentsutility
comparator
Personal utility detector
planning
categorization
memory ofpast encounters
Prosocial action
cooperate
equal
unequal
fair
unfair
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
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“the neural foundations of strong reciprocity” and a
“neural basis for strong reciprocity”
Fehr, E., & Rockenbach, B. (2004). Human altruism: economic, neural, and evolutionary perspectives. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 14(6), 784-790.
“ ”(Fehr & Rockenbach, 2004, p. 786/788).
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
‘Hot logic’ approach:
other interpretation of the data
other methodology
2 suggestions:
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
trust and cooperation signals
augment the chances of forming mutually profitable relationships
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
altruism can be instrumental
"individuals attempt to outcompete each other in terms of generosity. It emerges because altruism enhances the status and reputation of the giver. Status, in turn, yields benefits that would be otherwise unattainable." “
”(Hardy & Van Vugt, 2006)
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Ultimatum Game
‘fair’ splits
profitable splits acceptables splits
9/1, 8/2, 7/3... ...3/7, 2/8, 1/9...5/5...
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
biological altruism (instrumental)
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Haley, K., & Fessler, D. (2005). Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26(3), 245-256.
Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Bateson, M., Nettle, D., & Roberts, G. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 12, 412-414.
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca
Hot Logic and dopaminergic systems
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
methodological hedonism
using feelings toanticipate feelings in order tocontrol our behavior toward a maximization of positive feelings and a minimization of negative ones
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
Strong Reciprocity: genuinly altruistic + innate drive
Hot Logic: methodogical hedonism
Conclusion
--more like a mystery than an explanation
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Introduction Games Strong Reciprocity ‘Hot Logic’ Conclusion
This egoism is the instrument of our preservation; it resembles the instrument for the perpetuation of the species; we need it, we cherish it, it gives us pleasure, and we must hide it.“
”- Voltaire, discussing Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees, In Dictionnaire Philosophique
Thanks !
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