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Soils 101
Dr. Bob Lippert
Soil Fertility Specialist
Clemson University
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Soil Components
AIR
WATER
Mineral
Organic
Matter
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Soil Components
Mineral
Sand = 2.0 to 0.05mm
Silt = 0.05 to 0.002mm
Clay = less than 0.002mm
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1 Millimeter between these lines
Six Inch Ruler
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50% silt 15% sand 35% clay
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Scanning Electron Microscope
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Single Cell Animal with “Tail”
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???Stink Bug Hatching
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Kaolinite
European Union Geochemical facility at Bristol University
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Kaolinite
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Negative Charge Due To:
• Isomorphic substitution
• Edge-of-clay oxygen ions
• Ionized hydrogen from clay hydroxyl ions
• Ionized hydrogen from organic materials
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Isomorphic Substitution
Al+3Mg+2
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Plant Nutrients
C HOPKN’S CaFe Mg B Mn Cu Zn Mo Cl
See Hopkin’s Cafe Managed By My Cousin Mo Clay
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Major Plant Nutrients
• Hydrogen
• Carbon
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen*
• Phosphorus*
• Potassium*
* = mobile in the plant
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Secondary Plant Nutrients
• Calcium
• Magnesium*
• Sulfur
* = mobile in the plant
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Micronutrients
• Boron
• Copper
• Manganese
• Zinc
• Iron
• Molybdenum
• Chloride
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The terms Major, Secondary and Micronutrients does not imply that some nutrients are more important than others. The term refers to the relative quantity required by the plants.
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Sample Corn Crop Nutrient Requirements
• 120 pounds/acre nitrogen (major nutrient)
• 15 pounds/acre magnesium (secondary nutrient)
• 0.5 pounds/acre boron (micronutrient)
The corn yield will be decreased if all of these nutrients are not at optimum soil levels!
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Principle of Limiting Factors
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Helminthosporium blight
Potassium deficiency
Nitrogen deficiency
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Magnesium deficiency
Phosphorus deficiency
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Nitrogen Deficiency
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Potassium Deficiency
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Phosphorus Deficiency
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Magnesium Deficiency
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Adding fertilizer to the soil without testing is like baking a
cake without:
1. Reading the recipe
2. Measuring the ingredients
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100 pound bag of 5-10-15
= 5 pounds of nitrogen
= 10 pounds of phosphorus
= 15 pounds of potassium
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Fertilizer Bags
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Chemical Forms and Charges of Plant Nutrients
• NH4+, NO3
-
• H2PO4-, HPO4
-2
• K+
• Ca+2
• Mg+2
• SO4-2
• Zn+2
• Mn+2
• Nitrogen• Phosphorus• Potassium• Calcium• Magnesium• Sulfur• Zinc• Manganese
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Clay Minerals & Plant Nutrients
K+
Mg+2NH4
+
Ca+2
NO3-
SO4-2
P
--- ---
--- ---
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Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
One source of the
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How Soils Become Acid
Carbonic acid& Pollutants
Nitrogenfertilizers
Aluminum
Iron
Organic Matter
CalciumMagnesium
Potassium
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pH
A measure of the concentration of acidic hydrogen ions (H+) in the soil solution
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The Buffer pH Measures the Exchangeable and Active Acidity
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Determining Lime Requirement
Determining Lime Requirement
NorfolkNorfolk Cecil Cecil
pH = 5.2pH = 5.2 pH = 5.2 pH = 5.2
Buff. pH = 7.6 Buff. pH = 7.4Buff. pH = 7.6 Buff. pH = 7.4
Lime = Lime = 2 t/ac2 t/ac Lime = Lime = 3 t/ac3 t/ac
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Ideal
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Lime recommendations are based on the type of plant
Blueberries = no lime
Azaleas & Centipede = pH 5.5 to 6.0
Vegetable Garden = pH 6.0 to 6.5
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Liming Materials
• Calcitic Lime
• Dolomitic Lime
• Hydrated Lime(Use 75% of the above recommended amount)
• Wood Ashes(Use with caution!)
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QuestionsQuestions
http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~blpprt/index.html