Download - sound nosie mete

8/13/2019 sound nosie mete

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SoundPLAN

SoundPLAN AirPLANs

Introduction toair pollution modeling with

SoundPLAN Air Pollution Modules

Development Headquarters

Braunstein + Berndt GmbH

Etzwiesenberg 15

71522 Backnang

GERMANY

Tel: ++49.7191.9144-0

Fax: ++49.7191.9144-24

www.soundplan.de

International Headquarters

SoundPLAN International LLC

80 E Aspley Lane

Shelton, WA 98584

USA

Tel: +1-360-432-9840

Fax: +1-360-432-9821

www.soundplan.com

Your local distributor:


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2 |Comments

Results of air pollution calculations use a lot of disk

space, making it impossible to create a small demo

project with sensible in- and output for all the Air-

PLAN models and modules. Users want to save time,

too, so they will also simplify project data. Our

demo shows what SoundPLAN does, how to use it,

and how to correctly simplify projects.

Demo projects are stored on our FTP server with

slides and a short project description and a sum-

mary of the results. Download projects and analyze

how we have accomplished different tasks.

Open SoundPLAN in the demo mode in order to have

all air pollution modules available. In this mode you

can do everything except store files. For more exten-sive investigations, order a temporary trial license

from your local distributor. Distributor information is

found at www.soundplan.com.

Rough Estimation or Detailed Analysis?

Remember the three levels of investigation when you begin modeling:

Prediction Dontbe fooled by the illusion that air pollution concentrations can

be exactly foreseen if you were to buy the right calculation model. Such a model

would be too complex to even start from a PC! You will discover that it is nearly

impossible to get the complete data needed for a good prognosis. You must

create scenarios based on a few estimations instead of the many local mea-

surements actually needed for precise work. This makes sense when you con-

sider that forecasting air pollution concentrations cant be easier thanforecast-

ing weather because air pollution dispersion depends, in part, on weather con-

ditions.

Detailed analysis(we call it, fine screening) allows you to simplify a model as

much as needed. However, all that is gained from a simplified scenario is a good

estimation of concentrations. How accurate can a detailed analysis be? You

have to combine complex wind fields and dispersion conditions with a reliable

emission scenario. What if the scenario doesnt work? Is there a simpler way to

get reliable results? Of course! Rough estimation!

Rough estimation(or, rough screening) seems a simple task to beginners who

have unreliable results, but this is not true! Experienced users carefully refine

their tasks and choose rough estimation methods to save calculation time and

win reliability and accuracy. They simplify models in ways that guarantee mod-

erate, but secure overestimations. Using a rough screening model correctly, is

simply not as easy as it seems! Thoughtfully operating outside the borders of

reality requires a lot of skill to read reliable information from the results.

Willlimit values be exceeded?

is a difficult question to answer, even

using a fine screening model for de-

tailed analysis.

The answer yesor norequires

evaluating the probability of error.

This value can be estimated for

measurement based validation

calculations, but not for estima-

tions based on freely defined sce-

narios.

Canexceeded limits be excluded?

is easily answered. A rough estimationis needed for a definitive no answer.

The answer yesis based on a

specific overestimation, so it is re-

liable. Nois not reliable. It re-

quires either an alternate plan or

refinement of input data and finer

screening.


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Rough screening: Gauss(TA Luft86) | 3

GAUSS(TA Luft86)

(German national standard TA Luft 1986-2002)

Gauss was part of the official German standard "TA Luft

86" which was released to estimate the impact of new

industrial air pollution sources, especially high emitting

point sources like smoke stacks. It is a simplified version of

the Gauss model defined in the VDI code3782-1. The vali-

dation is associated to the evaluation of the VDI standard.

It has a tendency to overestimate close to the source.

Gauss models calculate very quickly. That means they can,

and should, handle wind statistics with a very high resolu-

tion. They calculate a plume with a statistical pollutant

distribution for each wind flow situation before evaluating

statistics like mean, max and percentiles.

The German model is not very sophisticated, but it brings

solid results at least for comparable climate zones. We

suggest looking for test data to compare if it fits your re-

gional conditions and requirements.

Because Gauss models are statistical models, use them

only to analyze representative time periods. Dont use

them for single case interpretations.

Rough screening: Austal2000

AUSTAL2000

(German standard TA Luftsince 2002)

In 2002, TA Luft02, which favors a diagnostic wind field

and a Lagrange model to calculate the air pollution disper-

sion, replaced TA Luft 86. The reference model AUS-

TAL2000 (

Dr. Janicke, Dunum, Germany) was developed

for the German Environmental Agency.

AUSTAL2000 has three advantages:

It calculates a wind field which can regard terrain up to

an inclination of 20%

It has the reputation of the German government

It is freeware; you pay only for the SoundPLAN inter-

face.

Austal2000 is very rudimentary, based on ASCII-input-textfiles and ASCII-output-text files. The SoundPLAN interface

allows you to work in a comfortable program environment.

You can apply your experience with the SoundPLAN Libra-

ries, Geodatabase, Calculation Kernel and Graphics, plus

you have full SoundPLAN support for the interface.

Working with freeware does have some disadvantages:

There is no international support for the original AUS-

TAL2000 calculation kernel. SoundPLAN supports you as

much as possible, but as we are not the authors of

AUSTAL2000, our help is limited to our interface.

You have no claim on reparations if AUSTAL2000 doesnot work or produces implausible results.

The results are limited to the German/European require-

ments. If your national standards are more restrictive or

require additional statistics, Austal2000 isnt suitable.


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4 |Fine Screening: MISKAM

When we talk about fine screening, we talk first about calculating wind fields which can include turbulent

effects between buildings. Then we talk about the spreading based on these precalculated wind fields. That

means we need three dimensional grids with high resolution in x, y, AND z directions, which are calculated

from the ground to a height far above the rooftops. MISKAM and AUSTAL2000 have different wind field

models and also different pollution dispersion equations and are therefore used for different prognosis.

MISKAM(Dr. Eichhorn, University of Mainz, Germany)is a fine screening model with a respected international reputation. The

model was carefully verified and validated while revising the code. The

test calculations are mainly oriented to the guidelines of the VDI-Code

3783/9, Environmental meteorology - Prognostic microscale wind field

models - Evaluation for flow around buildings and obstacles.

Prognostic wind fields solve the physical equations describing the tur-

bulent wind flow instead of matching physics with empirical assump-

tions as do the diagnostic models. This precision consumes a lot of

time! Most highly developed CFD-programs are too oversized for a

common planning job. They require a lot of input not available for an

environmental impact study, because they are made for research or

product development.

To find the best compromise between the quality of prognosis of a CFD

program and the time budget of a common planning job, MISKAM sets

strict boundaries for its application scope: The turbulences caused by

obstacles should be so dominant that thermal and terrain effects can

be ignored.

MISKAMdoes not regard terrain and is best used with neutral atmos-

pheric stability. Calculating in stable conditions is possible, but requires

much more calculation time. Unstable conditions are automatically set

to neutral stability. If your investigation area allows these restrictions,MISKAMis one of the best models you can use!

If you are not a meteorological expert, MISKAM's scope of application

should be restricted to inner city simulations like street canyons, park-

ing lots or situations where pollution sources are located close to the

recipients and where local changes of wind speed and turbulence have

to be regarded in a very high resolution. MISKAMis used for hot spots,

not for entire cities!

MISKAM allows simplifications: It is not necessary to calculate with

high resolved wind statistics, because the building structures cause

canalization effects. Also, it is not sensible to calculate with annual

meteorological time rows to correlate emissions and meteorology,because all the single flow situations have to be calculated and stored.

We found different approaches get an acceptable compromise.

Never save time by exceeding the parameters of the model. Generate a

sensible inflow by regarding a huge belt of buildings around your inves-

tigation area. Dont save time using rough calculation grids which cant

simulate the physical conditions within a street canyon. SoundPLAN

version 7.1 allows you to distribute calculations to several computers

and multi-threading is available so you can use several calculation ker-

nels on one computer to save time.

The dispersion calculation uses an Eulerian approach. Pollution concen-

trations are transported from steadily emitting sources, one cell to thenext, until the concentrations reach a steady state. Then these single

wind flow situations are aggregated to statistical parameters like mean,

max, percentiles, frequency of limit exceeding, etc. The single case

results, concentrations as well as wind fields, can also be displayed as

maps.


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Fine Screening: Austal2000 | 5

Austal2000 allows fine screening and rough screening. Adding buildings to an Austal2000 run automatically

starts a fine screening calculating a much more detailed wind field and regarding all buildings. Take time to

learn about this because it is not a less expensive alternative to MISKAM calculations for street canyons,

even if you find examples of this misuse of Austal2000 in other software advertising and on the internet.

Correct results require using the correct model for a specific situation.

Austal2000(Dr. Janicke, Dunum, Germany)uses an easier approach than calculating an entire prognostic wind

field. It matches known properties of simplified wind fields. Overlaying

the general wind flow with the generally known behavior of flow dis-

tortions around an obstacle quickly derives a quite realistic wind field.

However, if you have several obstacles close together, this approach

works too quickly to preserve accuracy.

The Austal2000 evaluation report, unfortunately only available in

German, shows good accordance between calculations and wind

channel data for single buildings. The comparisons for dense building

structures are not very encouraging. Therefore, Austal2000 clearly

defines its scope of application.

Austal2000 rough screening, using roughness length to represent ob-

stacles, can be used for sources with a height more than 17 times the

roughness length (1,7 times the average obstacle height). Under free

flow conditions, rough screening can also include ground level sources.

Austal2000 is the standard model used for odor problems at animal

farms. It is often sufficient to create an emission box instead of model-

ing buildings located on free terrain with receptors approximately 100

m distance. The box height replaces the initial vertical dispersion.

Austal2000 fine screening is limited to sources between 1,2 and 1,7

times the average building height.Austal2000 should not be used for ground level sources between

building structures. Comparisons with the well validated MISKAM

model show grave differences. Use MISKAMinstead.

Even though Austal2000 was partly evaluated using MISKAM wind

fields, the models are suited for different purposes because Aus-

tal2000uses different turbulence assumptions. For example, it regards

all neutral, stable and unstable atmospheric conditions. The decision

to use MISKAMor Austal2000 for fine screening will usually be deter-

mined by the source height and if unstable conditions are regarded.

Another point to consider is that usually the meteo data cant be re-

ceived from a local measurement within the calculation area. Aus-tal2000requires an anemometer position within the calculation area

to calibrate the standard wind field according to the real conditions. If

an outside measurement is transferred in a calculation area using ter-

rain information which does not fit with the meteo data (insufficient

area size, data measured in different terrain), the results can be very

strange.

Fine screening requires not only a highly developed calculation model

and a high end computer, but also excellent input data, and most im-

portantly, an idea what the model does with the data. To model every-

thing as detailed as possible and assign responsibility for the results to

a highly developed program, is not the right approach. Rather, knowthe scope of each model, and choose the correct model for the job in

order to achieve accurate, beneficial results.


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6 |When are terrain effects negligible?

Everybody knows terrain has an influence on wind

speed and wind direction even though most models

dont consider terrain. Is it too complex to take ter-

rain into account or is its influence overestimated?

The answer is yes to both questions. The size of

the investigation area and the source height deter-

mine if terrain is needed.

Terrain is not only an obstacle, it also influences the

heat radiation balance and it produces local wind

effects. An extreme expansion of the modeled inves-

tigation area is often needed (but not usually paid

for), or local measurements with a much higher pre-

cision for these effects.

fig. 1: Gauss flat terrain

Rough screening for smoke stacks

Which to use: Gauss flat, Austal2000 flat, or Austal2000 regarding terrain?

When comparing results of a Gauss flat calculation (fig. 1) with an Austal2000 terrain re-

garding calculation (fig. 3), you probably expect to see big differences. Now calculate Aus-

tal2000 flat (fig. 2) and compare results again. You learn the big differences between fig. 1

and fig. 3 are not just a result of terrain effects, but are also determined by which calcula-

tion model was used. How can that be when the evaluation of both models is partly based

on the same measured data?

A statistical Gauss model uses a simplified plume shape, whereas the Lagrange modeluses a wind field. Therefore, dontexpect a Gauss model to calculate with Lagrange

precision. In fig. 1, Gauss shows a high overestimation close to the source. This is easily

explained because the models require a different number of calculation parameters. In

other words, there are different assumptions made and built into the different models.

Even though the Lagrange model is more sophisticated, it isnt always better. The

more sophisticated a model, the more its sensitivity to errors! In fig. 2, the Austal2000

results show errors caused by too rough a wind classification which are completely

hidden in the Gauss results. The results in fig. 3 show a high influence from the terrain,

but dont show the terrain inclinations cross the boundaries of a diagnostic wind field

nor do they show the wind statistics used do not fit the terrain model.

To help determine which model to use, let yourself become the smoke stack. Envision the

area around you and the anemometer position. With some background knowledge (and

maybe some test calculations), you will quickly recognize if regarding terrain is important.

In general, tall stacks arent affected by small undulation, but ground level sources will

have an effect.

Austal2000 is based on a diagnostic wind field. That's a problem when vertical dispersion

is influenced by stalls. Stalls are outsidethe realm of a diagnosticwind fields and cause an

interruption of the calculation. However, using Austal2000 with steeper slopes than al-

lowed prevents a plume leaving a valley too early. Be aware that this exceptional use is a

work-around which requires modeling experience to avoid Austal2000 terminating the

calculation or computing a wrong wind field. It also requires experience to extract a relia-

ble statement from the results!

Rough screening for bypass roads:

When compared to other model results, Gauss results greatly overestimate the first

30-50 m and show a moderate overestimation between 50-200 m. After 200 m the results

can be underestimated, but limits aren't usually exceeded.

Embankments cause turbulences. They also cause problems in modeling. This is because

they are not mentioned by the Gauss model and their inclination is too steep for Aus-

tal2000. If the air is already well mixed at the first buildings in the model area, road em-

bankments and single obstacles lose importance. Otherwise a prognostic wind field model

should be used.

Rough screening for animal farms:It is often appropriate to use Austal2000 rough screening for Farms near communities.

This model includes a special smell evaluation. It is the standard used in Germany. In un-

dulated terrain you need local wind statistics because the model does not process local

thermals and cold air flows.

fig. 2: Austal2000 flat terrain

fig. 3: Austal2000 undulated

terrain

fig. 4: Gauss flat terrain

fig. 5: Austal2000 undulated

terrain


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When are obstacles negligible? | 7

In impact studies, building usually represent reci-

pients. This does not mean building details must al-

ways be taken into account. The calculation of wind

fields around buildings is only important if there is a

small distance between source and recipient. If there

is a big distance, usually there is very little influence.

Why is this true?

Wind speed has a big influence on the initial concen-

tration of pollutants close to the source. Low wind

speed means a small air volume has to pick up the

released exhaust. In contrast, high wind speed pro-

motes lower concentrations. On the other hand, high

ground turbulence counteracts these effects by pro-

ducing a good vertical exchange.

Gauss (TA Luft86)

This model ignores buildings and has no entry to adjust the vertical exchange except the

thermal effects represented by the Klug/Manier stability classes (which included a rough-

ness effect in 2009). This seems a very rough approach to include buildings. The Gauss

model does use a statistically derived plume shape, but cannot mention detailed local

effects like other, more sophisticated model types. Therefore, Gauss results are best

when the source is far above any roughness influence and the recipients are not too close

to the stack.

If there is a bypass road with noise barriers, approximate the situation by lifting thesource to the barrier height. Remember, this is a rough approach! Release the emission at

a height where a higher wind speed exists. This is not appropriate close to barriers be-

cause re-circulations are ignored, but farther away, the results are reliable. If more exact

results are needed, use MISKAM to model the barrier.

No buildings needed

Buildings required

Austal2000

Austal2000 lets you choose to regard buildings or use a rough building effect. Without

buildings, use roughness length and displacement height as parameters to adjust

wind speed and ground turbulence. Unfavorable roughness length and displacement

height uses one value for the entire area. As the highest influence of ground roughness isclose to the source, you must especially examine the area close to the source in order to

find an appropriate value.

If you were to choose to regard buildings, you would add buildings to your calculation and

reduce roughness length and displacement height to represent the roughness between

the buildings. Austal2000 would then calculate a much more sophisticated wind field li-

brary, which might take days to complete. Therefore, it is wise to consider if an approach

without buildings would be reliable enough! Also, remember that Austal2000, in combi-

nation with buildings, is limited to source heights between 1,2 and 1,7 times the average

obstacle height and it does not support street canyons!

Austal2000 is very useful for calculating smell from animal farms. Typically, there is a

group of barns around the source, then a long distance of free terrain, and then morehouses. For this situation it is usually OK to ignore the buildings because the focus is on

the odor near the houses. Model the vertical exchange around the farm buildings by

creating an emission box with an estimated vertical expansion to define the initial turbu-

lent dispersion. Turbulences within the community have little influence on the concentra-

tions because the air arrives already well mixed. The roughness length for such a calcula-

tion without buildings usually corresponds to the space between farm and community.

MISKAM

Because MISKAM is considered the best model, people often choose it, but then use a

crudely rough grid without buildings because they cant spend time on modeling and cal-

culation. This is nonsense and a misuse of MISKAM! MISKAM is a powerful, fine screeningmodel for street canyons and hot spots. Don't misuse it for rough screening. It needs

buildings to unfold its strengththats what it is madefor and validated for!

It requires an initial roughness length value for the space between buildings, which can be

adjusted by adding local roughness areas if desired. Remember, the right model for the

right situation equals correct results!


8/12

8 |Perspectives

Because of our extensive noise prognosis background, we developed synergy effects between air pollution

tasks and noise prognosis tasks. All noise control software producers do this because many authorities re-

quire it. However, SoundPLAN does even more: We provide support for people working with air pollution

prognosis full time! We continually search for and develop new ideas to compliment our air pollution suite.

We are implementing a long list of SoundPLAN tools and have two interesting ideas for new models to inter-

face or include in SoundPLAN.

Outlook: Rough Screening

IMMISIVU-Umwelt GmbH in Freiburg, Germany, offers a GIS based suite to search for

hot spots in cities, to analyze the impact of redirected traffic connections and to

analyze traffic emission variants.

The emission data are taken from the HBEFA, already standard in several Euro-

pean countries, which includes thousands of emission factors. IMMISem

helps

users compose national fleets or local fleet variations and connects emission fac-

tors with localized traffic data. IMMISluft

combines road emissions with street

canyon characteristics and local meteorology to get a rough screening of ex-

pected pollutant concentrations and one average value for an entire road section.

The concentrations are derived from a huge database a box model creates. For a

small fee, IVU-Umwelt GmbH adjusts meteorology to specific regional require-

ments. The first adjustment is even included in the sales price.

With the first purchase order, SoundPLAN will create an interface and a tool to

divide the street canyons into sensible road sections while regarding the road

geometry and building structures. Let us know of your interest in the interface!

Outlook: Fine ScreeningGRAMM/GRALGRAMM was developed at the Technical University of Graz and is highly res-

pected in the scientific world. Both GRAMM and the dispersion model GRAL are

validated by many international comparisons and studies and both are recom-

mended by the Austrian authorities. GRAMM utilizes a prognostic approach to

calculate wind fields on large areas in complex terrain. The basin of Graz, on the

southern side of the Alps, poses a very challenging evaluation area. The system

has been used under different climate conditions, so it is a world wide solution.

GRAL, the Lagrangian particle model of the University of Graz, completes GRAMM

for air pollution calculations. GRAL, however, is all that is needed when working inless complex terrain areas. Because GRAMM calculations require solid meteoro-

logical understanding and a lot of time, SoundPLAN, together with the Technical

University would like to offer a wind field calculation service for GRAL customers.

GRAL has the best reputation for ground level sources in complex terrain flow

conditions. Different roughness length can be used for rough calculations without

buildings, plus there are other features, like a comfortable source receptor mod-

eling approach, which Austal2000 does not have. GRAL is also one of only a few

models validated for low wind speed conditions.

If buildings are also to be considered, the quality of modeling is similar to micro

scale models. The combination of GRAMM/GRAL/MISKAM in one software inter-

face would meet the challenges of almost any task of urban and rural planning

projects. SoundPLAN is working with the authors to create just such an interface

within our AirPLAN suite.


9/12

Library Tools | 9

All air pollution modules implemented in SoundPLAN need wind statistics. SoundPLAN has a Meteorologi-

cal Station Library. It is a user defined library to edit, store and classify measurement data. Its elements can

be used with Gauss (TA Luft 86) and MISKAM. Austal2000 requires statistics in several allowed ASCII-

formats, which are provided by the German weather services. Even if Austal2000 doesnt read SoundPLANs

library, this tool is very useful to make the ASCII files visible or to export user data to the required file for-

mats.

To import free data formats, just arrange the columns in a spread sheet as required in the SoundPLAN li-

brary and copy them via clipboard to SoundPLAN.

Meteorological raw data

SoundPLAN

stores raw measurement data in a table. Data

can be organized as time rows or as classified statistics. We

have started implementing a set of tools to transform data,

with a special focus on atmospheric stability classifications.

You can already calculate Klug/Manier classes from cloud

covering, transpose them from one station to another,convert to Monin/Obukhov length, etc. Version 7.1 will

introduce filter options to analyze meteorological data and

related time series of pollutant background measurement.

Classified view

To show data in a diagram, a temporary classification to

sectors and wind speeds is needed. Use the settings for the

graphics display and to create a new, classified raw data

set.

The diagram can be copied to the clipboard as Windows

metafile (scalable vector graphics and text). You can paste

it into the project documentation text.The classification is temporary. For calculations, Sound-

PLAN always uses the raw data table, but it takes only a

click to create a new, really classified raw data set or an

ASCII file for Austal2000.

Sometimes it is necessary to correlate a meteorological time row with an emission time row. This procedure

increases calculation time, so is only sensible for Gauss or Austal2000. Version 7.0 allows only an emission

day histogram for Gauss calculations. Version 7.1 offers a sophisticated library concept with easily defined

hourly emission variations for the whole year, with simple, periodically repeated day or week histograms.

The sources will also support time dependent emission variables like volume stream and humidity, to sup-

port all Austal2000 time row functions.

Day histogram

The basic definition is a set of day histograms, each with 24

separately defined hours.

Week histogram

There can be several typical weeks to regard seasonal dif-

ferences of production cycles.

Year histogram

The year histogram links to week-histograms. SoundPLANuses a reference date to know the week day for each date

so you wont have to spend hours defining the periods,

plus, you can insert single days which refer to different

week histograms (include feast days, company holidays,

etc.).

45315

225 135

50

100

150

200

250

Wind rose classification

(Klug/Manier-Class: all - cumulative percentage)

Wind classes[m/s]

< 1,4

1,4 -1,8

1,9 -2,3

2,4 -3,8

3,9 -5,4

5,5 -6,9

7,0 -8,4

8,5 -10,0

> 10,0

45315

225 135

100

200

300

400

500

600

Wind rose classification(Klug/Manier-Class: all - cumulative percentage)

Wind classes [m/s]< 1,4

1,4 - 1,8

1,9 - 2,32,4 - 3,8

3,9 - 5,4

5,5 - 6,9

7,0 - 8,4

8,5 - 10,0

> 10,0


10/12

10 |Grid operations

After only a short time working with air pollution prognosis, you will notice that the simple calculation of

immissions is not enough to get sensible results. The sources within a calculation model represent only a

part of the whole emissions because other emissions are added from local sources or inflowing air. Plus, it is

important to regard pollutants which are transformed during transport. This is not a problem for CO, be-

cause it becomes CO2 and mitigates the concentrations. NO, however, becomes NO2and the concentrations

increase within critical distances.

Add preload (initial pollution of inflowing air)

Pollutants which come from distant regions are usually

added to the immission maps as single values. This is

sometimes not enough when working with maximum val-

ues. Neighboring emissions might influence the results in a

close dependence to wind directions. A good approach for

this would be to calculate the local pollutants with

MISKAM and overlay the results with a Gauss (TA Luft 86)

calculation. Use sources only one time, and remember that

the roads in a MISKAM calculation end at the border of the

outer area.

Overlay sources to adjust scenarios

If you have few sources, it is wise to start separate disper-

sion calculations for each source with one standard pollu-

tant and standard emission and add the results afterwards.

This avoids rerunning the dispersion calculation. Use vari-

ous factors to adjust the emissions to compare different

scenarios.

Convert NO to NO2

Austal2000 and Gauss automatically transform NO into

NO2using a time dependent conversion rate. This is sensi-ble for tall stacks with strong emissions. However, below

the Urban Canopy Layer, NO converts differently. For traf-

fic emissions, pollutant NOx should be calculated instead

of NO and NO2. Include the NOxbackground into the con-

version reaction, simulated by a post processing.

In this case NOxshould be emitted. There are several for-

mulas which derive NO2from NOxconcentrations that cal-

culate the transformation as a post process using grid op-

erations. This allows the total NOxto be regarded, includ-

ing the background pollution. This is the better way, espe-

cially for ground level sources like traffic.

Remember, prognosis conversion formulas that dont

normally have entry for radiation and ozone concentra-

tions are empirically founded and probably cantbe used

worldwide. SoundPLANs functions are derived from Ger-

man measurement campaigns. Find local studies with for-

mulas that represent your investigation. If the formulas are

too complex to insert into the grid operations, contact us

for assistance.

Remember, empirically derived formulas never fit single

cases, but represent an entire year. A single case predic-

tion would not only require information about solar radia-

tion, temperature and all other pollutants in the air, but

also information about short time correlations. It would be

impossible to make such a detailed forecast!


11/12

Results | 11

Gauss (TA Luft 86) calculates single monitoring stations or grid results. AUSTAL2000 has an option for single

point results, but SoundPLAN doesnt support the display. You receive only the original AUSTAL2000 proto-

col. MISKAM doesnt display single points. We recommend grid calculations because all immission values

should regard neighbouring cells. We offer a huge number of display options for grids - more options than

can be shown here. MISKAM is the only model that displays wind fields.


12/12

12 |What about a training session?

The purchase process often begins with using a demo version to get an understanding of modeling techniques before

making a decision to purchase. For air pollution propagation, there are many details to learn about the different

models besides learning how to use the software. Especially if air pollution prognosis is a new field of study, we feel

the most efficient way to begin is to attend a training session.

Although air pollution prognosis is a complex matter, it doesnt take long to learnhow to recognize and avoid prob-

lems throughout process. The model developers have done their work correctly, so you dont have to worry about

the mathematics and the physic. We focus your attention on weather and pollution effects, much of which you al-ready know, and then show you how these effects are parameterized as model input for the different model ap-

proaches. AirPLAN training shows the maximum reliability expected in projects and the minimum data quality re-

quired. It shows how the interaction between input data and the calculation model determines model selection.

Above all, it shows how to maximize your time and efforts for efficient, accurate air pollution prognosis.

Contents:

The training includes the modules Gauss (TA Luft86), Austal2000 and MISKAM. Topics include:

Wind in Nature

appearance and importance oflarge scale and local wind systems

Modeling Wind

measurement and parameteriza-tion of wind characteristics

plumes and wind fields

Model Approaches

statistical approach diagnostic approach

prognostic approach

Source Modeling

general approaches

modeling in SoundPLAN

HBEFA road emissions

Calculation Control

optimizing parameter settings

control by files & graphics

Result Display

wind fields

concentrations

post processing operations

The training projects and presentation slides are available on DVD. All three training days are required to fully cover

the topics. Attendance from first to last session is mandatory. If you want to discuss project data, send them

[email protected] beforehand with a description of the situation. Well look for ways to assist you with

your particular projects.

Sincerely,

your B+B Team

Download - sound nosie mete

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