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Southeast Asian tonogenesis:how and why?
Jan-Olof SvantessonLund University, Sweden
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Southeast Asian tonogenesis• Merger of voiceless and voiced onset
consonants• Tonogenesis: A non-tonal language acquired a
two-tone system (Kammu, Wa (Vo))• “Registrogenesis”: Some languages developed a
voice quality contrast (Lamet, Wa (Paraok))• Tone split: Languages that already had a tone
system doubled the number of tones (Chinese, Vietnamese)
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Kammu: Austroasiatic language in Laos
Northern Kammu (yellow) has two level tones, Eastern Kammu (green) lacks tones
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Kammu tonogenesis
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Tones contrast on syllables with these onsets in N Kammu:
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but not on these:
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NK onset consonants with tone contrast
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Evidence that the Northern Kammu tones are features of the onset
consonants
• Distribution of tones and onset consonants• Tonal morphophonology• Word play
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Tonal morphophonology:Causatives formed with p- always
have high tone:
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‘Secret language’:tone remains with onset consonant
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Consonants in Kammu dialects
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(Non-redundant) features
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So, what happened?
• Phonologically: nothing.• Phonetically: a lot.EK has 35 consonants, NK 23EK is non-tonal, NK is a tone language• But: EK and NK speakers understand each
other without difficulty• But: EK speakers cannot distinguish isolated
NK words like kláaŋ ‘eagle’ and klàaŋ ‘stone’ (Svantesson & House 2006)
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New pronunciation variant:
Creates words with an aspirated stop or a voiceless fricative as onset but low tone
The tone system is becoming independent
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Indications that the phonological status of the Kammu tone system is changing:
(1) New combinations of tones and initial consonants are introduced, blurring the original correlation between tones and onsets
(2) A tone dissimilation rule (on “sesqui-syllabic” words) has neutralized some tone contrasts also blurring the correlation between tones and onsets
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Southeast Asian tonogenesis / tone split
• Recently created tones are phonologically features of the onset consonants
• Being phonetically realized on the rhyme and no longer phonetically dependent on the onset consonants the tones are free to change
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Why? do a lot of languages in this area
acquire tones• I think this is for sociolinguistic rather than
phonetic/phonological reasons• Areal phenomenon, prestigious languages in the
area have tones• Many monosyllabic morphemes may be favourable
for tonogenesis• The languages do not borrow tones from other
languages; they borrow the idea of using tones but use their own resources to create them
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Angkuic langugages
Small Austroasiatic (Palaungic) subgroup spoken in SW China• Angku• Mok• U• Hu• ...
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The Angkuic mistake
All initial stops became voiceless!
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The Hu solution
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High vowels: HIGHNon-high vowels: short: HIGH
long: LOW
Hu tonogenesis
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What happened – again?
Information is moved into the vowel kernel in N Kammu:
puuc > púuc ‘undress’buuc > pùuc ‘wine’
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Information capacityIn information theory (Shannon 1948), the information capacity of a code (e.g. the phonemes that form the onset, kernel or coda of a syllable) is measured by its entropy: – Σ pi·log2 (pi), where pi is the (estimated) probability of symbol number i.
The information capacity is measured in bits (binary choices).
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Kammu
The information capacity was estimated for the Onset, Vowel kernel and Coda of Proto-Kammu and Northern Kammu monosyllabic words.
Based on 12,883 monosyllables from Svantesson et al., Dictionary of Kammu Yùan language and culture, 2014
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Information across the syllable in Kammu
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Tonogenesis and information structure
• Kammu tonogenesis moved information capacity from the onset to the vowel.
• Similar behaviour can be seen in other languages that underwent tonogenesis or registrogenesis of this kind as well as in languages that underwent a tone split, like Chinese and Tai languages.
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How about other languages?
• Mongolian, spoken much further to the north did not develop tones
• But phonological processes that moved information capacity from the edges to the kernel took place
• This is most prominent in the Baarin dialect spoken in Inner Mongolia
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Sound changes in Mongolian monomorphemic words
Loss of final vowels made disyllabic words monosyllabic, and some information from the lost vowel is transferred to the first vowel:
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Sound changes in Mongolian
Loss of medial –h– made di- or trisyllabic words monosyllabic:
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Information across syllables in Mongolian(Based on 313 words, Svantesson et al. The phonology of Mongolian, 2005)
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Conclusion
• The development from Old Mongolian to modern dialects has something in common with the development in the tonogenesis/tone split languages
• SEA tonogenesis is part of an areal tendency to cram more and more information capacity into the vowel kernel of the (first) syllable
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Thank you!