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Southwest Asia
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The Arabian Peninsula
• Bedouins – desert nomads
• Herded camels, goats• Lived in mobile tent
encampments• Clans fought each other
over water, pasture, and honor
• Warrior people
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The Arabian Peninsula
• Around 600 CE, Muhammad founded Islam• Religion spread throughout Arabian Peninsula and then into
Middle East and North Africa
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The Arabian Peninsula
• Islam has five basic duties Submission Prayer 5x a Day facing
Mecca Charity (Zakat) Fasting (Ramadan) sun-
up to sundown Pilgrimage (Hajj) to
Mecca
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The Middle East
• Customs Relationships between
men and women Marriage Washing The Left Hand Eating
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The Middle East
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The Middle East
• Muslim governments were theocratic – ruled by religious leaders
• Caliph - religious and political successor to Muhammad
• Laws were based on Islamic teachings (Sharia)
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The Middle East
• The Schism• Sunni
Wahabism Salafism
• Shi’ite• Sufism
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The Middle East
• There were two great Arab empires – the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates
• The Abbasids were destroyed by the Mongols
• The third great Islamic empire was the Ottoman Empire (Turk) which lasted from 1453 until 1922
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The Middle East
• After WWI and the fall of the Ottoman Empire, much of the Middle East came under the control of Britain and France as “Mandates”
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The Middle East
• The Middle East became important due to its oil
• OPEC – Organization of Oil Exporting Countries
• Modernizing• Much of its work
force consists of foreign workers
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The Middle East
• Judaism, Christianity, and Islam• Patriarch – Abraham• Jerusalem• Judaism
The Kingdom The Temple Israel and Judah The Second Temple Diaspora ~70 CE Western Wall (aka Wailing
Wall)
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The Middle East
• Christianity Church of the Holy
Sepulchre Mount of Olives Christianity - state
religion of Rome in 300’s CE under Constantine
Crusades – series of European invasions to reestablish Christianity in Holy Land
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The Middle East
• Islam Mecca (Ka’aba),
Medina, Jerusalem Dome of the Rock
and Al Aqsa Mosque
Temple Mount
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The Middle East
• Zionism Belief Jews should have
their own homeland Jews began migrating to
Palestine in 1800’s Holocaust prompted
demands for Jewish homeland
UN divided Palestine in 1947
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The Middle East
• Israel established 1948• 1948 War with Arab
states• 1967 Six-Day War• 1973 Yom Kippur War• PLO – Palestine
Liberation Organization• Refugee problems
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The Middle East
• Lebanon Religious diversity Muslims (Shia and
Sunni) Christians
(Maronite and Eastern Orthodox)
Druze Civil War Hezbollah
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The Middle East
• Kurdistan Kurds have occupied
territory for thousands of years
Divided by borders of Turkey, Iraq, and Iran
Kurds persecuted by governments
Kurds want their own country
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The Middle East• Iran
Iranian Revolution 1979
American Embassy Hostage Crisis
Iran-Iraq War over oil fields
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The Middle East
• Iraq Iraq invasion of Kuwait First Persian Gulf War Weapons of mass
destruction? Gassing of Kurds – No
Fly Zone Second Persian Gulf
War Return of Al Queda
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The Middle East
• Syria Bashar al-Assad Civil War Killing of civilians Iranian support Al-Quada
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The Middle East
• Afghanistan History of invasions Russian occupation
1979-1988 9-11 Taliban US invasion of
Afghanistan
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The Middle East
• Turkey Mustafa Kamal Attaturk Secular Western state Member of NATO Conflicts with Kurds,
Greeks over Cyprus Increasing Islamism
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The Middle East
• Cyprus Part of the Ottoman
Empire Came under British control
after WWI Won independence Greek population voted to
join Cyprus with Greece Turks invaded island Cyprus divided between
Greece and Turkey