SRHS: Sociology SRHS: Sociology
““People who interact with one another and think of People who interact with one another and think of
themselves as belonging together.”themselves as belonging together.”
- List 10 common characteristics of groups- List 10 common characteristics of groups
What is a Group?What is a Group?
SRHS: Sociology SRHS: Sociology
Domestication RevolutionDomestication Revolution
Hunting and GatheringHunting and Gathering
Pastoral and HorticulturalPastoral and Horticultural
AgriculturalAgricultural
Societies and Their TransformationSocieties and Their Transformation
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Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
Postindustrial (Information)Postindustrial (Information)
Bioeconomic—New Type?Bioeconomic—New Type?
Societies and Their TransformationSocieties and Their Transformation
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Social Equality Greatest in Social Equality Greatest in
Hunting/Gathering SocietiesHunting/Gathering Societies
Social Inequality Grew Over TimeSocial Inequality Grew Over Time
Accumulation of Food Surplus Accumulation of Food Surplus
Stimulated ChangeStimulated Change
Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society
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Primary GroupsPrimary Groups
Face-to-FaceFace-to-Face
The FamilyThe Family
FriendsFriends
Producing a Mirror WithinProducing a Mirror Within
Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society
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Secondary GroupsSecondary Groups
Larger, More AnonymousLarger, More Anonymous
Members Interact Based on RolesMembers Interact Based on Roles
Fail to Satisfy Need for Intimate AssociationFail to Satisfy Need for Intimate Association
Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society
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In-Groups and Out-GroupsIn-Groups and Out-Groups
Loyalty to In-GroupsLoyalty to In-Groups
Antagonism Towards Out-GroupsAntagonism Towards Out-Groups
Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society
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In-Groups and Out-Groups Produce…In-Groups and Out-Groups Produce…
LoyaltyLoyalty
Sense of SuperioritySense of Superiority
Rivalries/CompetitionRivalries/Competition
Implications for Socially Diverse SocietyImplications for Socially Diverse Society
Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society
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Reference GroupsReference Groups
Provide a YardstickProvide a Yardstick
Expose Us to Contradictory StandardsExpose Us to Contradictory Standards
Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society
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Social NetworksSocial Networks
The Small World PhenomenonThe Small World Phenomenon
Is the Small World Phenomenon a Myth?Is the Small World Phenomenon a Myth?
Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society
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Implications for Socially Diverse SocietyImplications for Socially Diverse Society
Implications for ScienceImplications for Science
Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society
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Electronic CommunitiesElectronic Communities
People Connect OnlinePeople Connect Online
Newsgroups/BlogsNewsgroups/Blogs
Online Chat Rooms/Recruiting Online Chat Rooms/Recruiting
Some Meet Definition of a GroupSome Meet Definition of a Group
Groups Within SocietyGroups Within Society
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Group Size Affects Stability and IntimacyGroup Size Affects Stability and Intimacy DyadDyad
TriadTriad
CoalitionsCoalitions
As Size Increases, So Does StabilityAs Size Increases, So Does Stability
As Size Increases, Intensity and Intimacy As Size Increases, Intensity and Intimacy
DecreaseDecrease
Group DynamicsGroup Dynamics
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Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and
BehaviorBehavior
The Larger the Group…The Larger the Group… Greater Diffusion of ResponsibilityGreater Diffusion of Responsibility
Increase in FormalityIncrease in Formality
Division into Smaller GroupsDivision into Smaller Groups
Group DynamicsGroup Dynamics
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Who Becomes a Leader?Who Becomes a Leader?
Types of LeadersTypes of Leaders
Instrumental/Operational Instrumental/Operational
Expressive/Charismatic Expressive/Charismatic
LeadershipLeadership
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Leadership StylesLeadership Styles
AuthoritarianAuthoritarian
DemocraticDemocratic
Laissez-FaireLaissez-Faire
Leadership Styles in Changing SituationsLeadership Styles in Changing Situations
LeadershipLeadership
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Personality Traits and Disorders
Projection of internal or external fearProjection of internal or external fear Empowered to act out Empowered to act out Organized members have some type of Organized members have some type of
hierarchy and structure although it is hierarchy and structure although it is usually skewed to what benefits the usually skewed to what benefits the ideologies of the groupideologies of the group
Unorganized members usually follow given Unorganized members usually follow given the momentthe moment
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Power of Peer Pressure—Asch ExperimentPower of Peer Pressure—Asch Experiment
Study on ConformityStudy on Conformity
Power of Authority—Milgram ExperimentPower of Authority—Milgram Experiment
Administering ShocksAdministering Shocks
Group DynamicsGroup Dynamics
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Irving Janis Coined the TermIrving Janis Coined the Term
Examples of GroupthinkExamples of Groupthink
Preventing GroupthinkPreventing Groupthink
Groupthink—Global ConsequencesGroupthink—Global Consequences
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Group Phenomenon Both Organized and Unorganized-Both Organized and Unorganized-
Individual loses inhibitions and ignores previously Individual loses inhibitions and ignores previously learned social norms and valueslearned social norms and values
The group moves as one entity:The group moves as one entity: The Unorganized- Tornado Example The tornado is The Unorganized- Tornado Example The tornado is
created by random and freak natural stimuli, there are created by random and freak natural stimuli, there are factors that can help predict where they could occur but factors that can help predict where they could occur but remain largely unpredictable in size, path, remain largely unpredictable in size, path, destructiveness, movement, and length as it dissipates destructiveness, movement, and length as it dissipates
The individuals that participate in the organized group The individuals that participate in the organized group have some type of prior knowledge of group requirements have some type of prior knowledge of group requirements and ideologies and ideologies
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Restraints on Human Behavior(If Any)
““This metaphysical freedom, or freedom of This metaphysical freedom, or freedom of the will, as defining characteristics of man the will, as defining characteristics of man as such is possessed by men in all as such is possessed by men in all conditions whether of nature or of society”conditions whether of nature or of society”
– RousseauRousseau
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The Question of Individual Ethics
If there is no known machine able to map or If there is no known machine able to map or explain consciousness explain consciousness
And all ethical perceptions are based on individual And all ethical perceptions are based on individual consciousness and usually hold true amongst consciousness and usually hold true amongst certain groups certain groups
Ethical interpretations are impossible to explain Ethical interpretations are impossible to explain and therefore other individuals in different groups and therefore other individuals in different groups do not have to adhere to themdo not have to adhere to them
So the question remains, can’t we all just get So the question remains, can’t we all just get along?along?
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Phenomenological Perspectives
What is the phenomenon that ignites group action What is the phenomenon that ignites group action such as violent and nonviolent protests such as violent and nonviolent protests
Two ethical perspectives clash- One perspective is Two ethical perspectives clash- One perspective is usually associated with law, the status-quo, and/or usually associated with law, the status-quo, and/or the group in powerthe group in power
Unorganized factors easily explained Unorganized factors easily explained Examples of Phenomenological Social Interaction Examples of Phenomenological Social Interaction What is the difference between a riot and a What is the difference between a riot and a
revolution?revolution?
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