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G.S.CAPSULEFORSSCCGL201314Exam
AncientIndia Harappan Civilization was discovered in 19201922
when two of themost important siteswere excavated.These were Harappa on the banks of river Rawi inPunjabandMohenjodaroonthebanksoftheriverIndusinPakistan.
The GreatGranarymeasuring 169 feets 35 feets isthemostremarkablestructurefoundinHarappa.
Mohenjodero is derived from a sindhi word whichmeansmoundof thedead. ItwasexcavatedbyMr.R.D.Banerjeein1922intheLarkanadistrictofPakistan
BlackbanglesasthenameKalibangaindicatedwasfoundinKalibanga.
Lothalwasexcavatedin1957byMr.S.R.Rao.Itislocatedin Gujrat on the coastal flat of Gulf of Cambay. Anartificialbrickdockyardwasfoundherewhichsewedasthe main sea port for the people of Indus Valleycivilization.
AtBanwalilargequantityofbarley&mustardwasfound. Dholavira is the latest and one of the two largest
HarappansettlementinIndiatheotheroneinRakigarhiinHaryana.
The towns were based on Grid pattern street & lonescutting across one another at right angles dividing thecityintonumberofrectangularblocks.
The city was divided into too parts, the CITADEL afortified areawhichhoused important civic& religiouspublicbuildingsincludinggranariesandresidences.
RigVeda is the oldest of all the Vedas, contains 1017Suktas; contains 11 Balakhilya which makes totalnumberofSuktas1028;italsocontains10Mandals.
The mandalas II to VI are discribed to Gritsamada,Viswamitra,Vamadeva,Arti,Bhardwaja&Vasistha.
TheMandalasI,VIII,IX&Xarelatestmandalas. SamVedaiscollectionofhymstakenfromRigVeda&set
totunesforthepurposeofsinging. YajurVedaiscollectionofritualsforperformingdifferent
sacrifies.Itconsistsof40chapters&recitedbyapriestknown as Adhavaru. It is divided in two parts KrishnaYajurveda&SuklaYajurveda.
TheAltharvaVedaiscollectionofmagic,spell&charms,itcontainsmanypopularsupertitionsandalsocontainsnonAryanelements.
During the sixth century BC Indian history saw theestablishment of first territorial kingdom and secondphaseofurbanizationanddevelopmentinIndia.Duringthe period 16 major mahajanpadas emerged. Some ofthemaregivenbelow:
Mahajanapada CapitalMallas Kushinagar,PawaMagadha Rajgir,laterPatliputraAnga ChampaVajji VaishaliKashi VaranasiKoshala ShravastiVasta KaushambiAvanti Ujjain
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Shurasena MathuraMatsya ViratnagarGandhara TaxilaChedi Suktimati
Bimbisara founded theMagadhaEmpirewhobelongs toHaryanka Dynasty. Bimbisara was married to chellana,princessofthelichchavifamilyofVaishaliBimbisaraalsomarried Khema of the royal house ofMadra in Punjab.BimbisaradefeatedBrohamadattaofAngaandannexedthekingdom.
Both Buddhist and Jains claim that Ajatshatru wasfolloweroftheirreligicn.AccordingtotheMahavamsaheconstructed several chaityas and viharas. He wasinstrumental in convening the first Buddhist council atRajgriha.
Mahapadma Nanda was the powerful ruler of Nandadynasty who uprooted the Kshatriya dynasties in theNorth India.During this period onlyAlexander invadedIndia.
Jainism
According to jains tradition there were twenty fourTirthankaras(prophetsorgurur)or fordmakersacrossthestreamofexistence.ThefirstwasRishabhanathandthelast(twentyfourth)wasMahaviraVarhamana
Mahaviras original namewasVardhamana, hewasbornat Kundagrama in a suburb of Vaisali. Kunda grama ispresently known as Basukunda and is situated inMuzzaffarpurdistrict(Bihar).
Mahavira was married to Yashoda and had a daughter(Priyadarsa) whose husband, Jamali, became the firstdiscipleofMahavira.
Mahavira is alsoknownasArhantandKina (conqueror).Nirgantha (free of fetters). His fellowers were namedJain.
MahaviraattainedKaivalya(death)in468BCEattheageof 72 at Pava near Rajegriha. The place is said to bePavapuri (Bihar). Sudharman became the head of theJainSanghaafterhim.MainTenetsofJainismAspreachedbyMahavira:
ThePrincipleofJainism,aspreachedbymahavira,canbesummedupasfollows:
Mahavira refected the authority of the Vedas and theVedicrituals.
MahaviradidnotbelieveintheexistenceofGod. Headvocatedanaustereandsimplelifewiththeultimate
aimtoattainKaivalya(NirvanaorMoksha). Mahavira believed in Karma and the trans migration of
soul(atma). According to Jainism theworld consits of two elements:
Jiva(consciousbeing)andatma(theunconscious).
Jira acts, feels and wills. It suffers and dies. Atma isexternalandisbornandreborn.Mahavirabelievedthatthesoulisimmortal.
Man undergoes through successive births depending onhisKarma, in thepresentorpreviousbirthsonaccountofkarmasgoodorbad, thesoulcreates itsownpresentorfuture.
TheultimateaimofJivashouldbetogetridofthecycleofbirthandrebirthandattainnirvana.
The only way to nirvana his through the three Jevels(Triratna)Right faith, Right knowledge and Rightconduct.
ThethreemainjewelsofJainismwereRightfaith(Samyakdarshana),knowledge(Jana)andconduct(charitra).
Jains lay great emphasis on equality. Mahavira acceptedthe caste system yet he said thatmanmay be good orbad according to his karma and not on account of hisbirth.Fivevows/mainteachingsprescribedbyMahavirs:a)Ahimsa (nonviolence) violence should not be causedbywords,thoughtsandactions.b)Satyaoneshouldspeakthetruthandonlythetruth.c)Asateya(Nonstealing)stealinginanyformisbad.d)Aparigraha (NonPossession)Wealth and property inanyformshouldnotbeaccumulatedande)Brahmacharya (Chartity) all kinds of passions,emotionsanddesiresmustbeputundercontrol.
First Jain Council was held in Patliputra under theleadership of Sthulabahu in the beginning of the thirdcenturyBC.
SecondcouncilwasheldatValabhiinthe512BC.GautamBuddhaandBuddhism
Gautama or Siddhartha was born at Lumbinivan in 563BC. on the Vaisakha Purnima day in the royal grove atLumbini,nearKapilavastu.
TheRummindeiPillarinscriptionofAshokamarkssiteofBuddhasbirth.
HemarriedYasodhara.HehadsonnamedRahulTeachingsofBuddha/MainDoctrinesofBuddhism
He declared that everything was transitory orimpermanent.
His teachingsarebasedon the fournoble truths that theworldisfullofsorrow(dukkha);thattherearecauseofsorrow (dukkhaSamudava); that this sorrow can bestopped (dukkhaniradha); and the path leading to thecessation of sorrow (dukkhanirodha magaminipratiped).
The way to nirvana (emancipates), in Buddhism, or thepath that leads tocessationof suffering,higherwisdomandpeaceofmind,isknownasthenobleeightfeedpath.Buddhacoulditthemiddlepath(Majjhimamargga)asitavoided both the extremes of gross luxury and grimausterity.TheEightfoldpathsare:
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1)Right understanding, free from superstition anddelusion2)Right Thoughts, high and worthy of the intelligentearnestman3)Rightspeech,kind,open,truthful4)Rightaction,peaceful,honest,pure5)Right livelihood, bringing hurt or danger to no livingthing6)Righteffort,inselftrainingandinselfcontrol7)RightMindfulness,theactive,watchfulmind8)Rightconcentration,earnestthoughtonthedeep
IMPORTANTPOINTS
1. HarappanCivilizationdiscoveredin19212. ThelocalnameofMohanjodaroisMoundoftheDead3. TheIndusValleyCivilizationdiscoveredbyDRSahni4. PatnjaliisknownforthecompilationofYogaSutra5. SatyamevaJayatehasbeenadoptedfromwhichbook?
MundakaUparishad6. WhichVedacontainsanaccountonmagicalcharmsand
spells?Atharavaveda7. ThecityofPataliputrafoundbyUdayin8. BuddhabelongedtoSakyaclan9. BuddhaCharitawrotebyAsvaghosha10. ThelastMauryanemperorwasBrihadratha11. SakaerastartedbyKanishka(AD78)12. TheFirstkingissuedgoldcoinsinIndiabyIndoGreeks13. ThesubjectmatterofAjantapaintingpertainsto
Buddhism14. FirstmajorinscriptioninclassicalSanskritisthatof
Rudradaman15. WhichGuptaKingwasknownastheNapoleanofIndia?
SamudraguptaMedievalIndia
1. TheKhajurahotemplesbuiltbyChandela2. ThefourmathasinthefourcornersofIndiaby
Shankaracharya3. TheSomnathtempledestroyedbyMahmudGhaznavi,
wasdedicatedtoLordSiva4. IbnBatutatravelercomefromMorocco5. WhichSultanfoundedatownwherenowstandsAgra?
Sikandar6. TheauthorofAiniAkbariwasAbulFazal7. IbadatkhanaatFatehpurSikriwasbuiltbyAkbar8. TheSuntempleofKonarkwasbuildbyNarasimhadeva
(GangDynasty)9. IbnBatutaastheChiefQaziofDelhiwasappointedby
MohammadbinTughlaq10. DiwanIMustaKharajiwasestablishedbyAlauddin
Khaliji
ModernIndiaTheIndianNationalCongress(i)Formedin1885byA.O.Hume,anEnglishmanandaretiredcivilservant.(ii)FirstsessioninBombayunderW.C.Banerjeein1885(72delegatesattendedit).(iii)Inthefirsttwodecades(18851905),quitemoderateinitsapproachandconfidedinBritishjusticeandgenerosity.(Iv)ButtherepressivemeasuresoftheBritishgaverisetoextremistswithinCongresslikeBipinChandraPal,BalGangadharTilakandLalaLajpatRai(Lal,Bal,Pal).
PartitionofBengal
(i)ByLordCurzononOct16,1905,througharoyalProclamation,reducingtheoldprovinceofBengalinsizebycreatingEastBengalandAssamoutofrestofBengal.(ii)TheobjectivewastosetupacommunalgulfbetweenHindusandMuslims.(iii)Amightyupsurgesweptthecountryagainstthepartition.NationalmovementfoundrealexpressioninthemovementagainstthepartitionofBengalin1905.SwadeshiMovement(1905)(i)Lal,Bal,Pal,andAurobindoGhoshplayedtheimportantrole.(ii)INCtooktheSwadeshicallfirstattheBanarasSession,1905presidedoverbyG.K.Gokhale.(iii)Bonfiresofforeigngoodswereconductedatvariousplaces.FormationofMuslimLeague(1906)(i)Setupin1906undertheleadershipofAgaKhan,NawabSalimullahofDhakaandNawabMohsinulMulk.(ii)Itwasaloyalist,communalandconservativepoliticalorganizationwhichsupportedthepartitionofBengal,opposedtheSwadeshimovement,demandedspecialsafeguardstoitscommunityandaseparateelectorateforMuslims.DemandforSwaraj(i)InDec1906atCalcutta,theINCunderDadabhaiNaorojiadoptedSwaraj(Selfgovt)asthegoalofIndianpeople.SuratSessionofIndianNationalCongress(1907):(ii)TheINCsplitintotwogroupsTheextremistsandThemoderates,attheSuratsessionin1907.ExtremistswereledbyBal,Pal,LalwhilethemoderatesbyG.K.Gokhale.
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IndianCouncilsActorMintoMorleyReforms(1909)(i)Besidesotherconstitutionalmeasures,itenvisagedaseparateelectorateforMuslims.(ii)AimedatdividingthenationalistranksandatrallyingtheModeratesandtheMuslimstotheGovernment'sside.GhadarParty(1913)(i)FormedbyLalaHardayal,TaraknathDasandSohanSinghBhakna.(ii)HQwasatSanFrancisco.HomeRuleMovement(1916)(i)StartedbyB.G.Tilak(April,1916)atPoonaandAnnieBesantandS.SubramaniaIyeratAdyar,nearMadras(Sept,1916).(ii)Objective:SelfgovernmentforIndiaintheBritishEmpire.(iii)TilaklinkedupthequestionofSwarajwiththedemandfortheformationofLinguisticStatesandeducationinvernacularlanguage.Hegavetheslogan:SwarajismybirthrightandIwillhaveit.LucknowPact(1916)(i)HappenedfollowingawarbetweenBritainandTurkeyleadingtoantiBritishfeelingsamongMuslims.(ii)BothINCandMuslimLeagueconcludedthis(Congressacceptedtheseparateelectoratesandbothjointlydemandedforarepresentativegovernmentanddominionstatusforthecountry).AugustDeclaration(1917)(i)AftertheLucknowPact,aBritishpolicywasannouncedwhichaimedatincreasingassociationofIndiansineverybranchoftheadministrationforprogressiverealizationofresponsiblegovernmentinIndiaasanintegralpartoftheBritishempire.ThiscametobecalledtheAugustDeclaration.RowlattAct(March18,1919)(i)Thisgaveunbridledpowerstothegovt.Toarrestandimprisonsuspectswithouttrialfortwoyearsmaximum.ThislawenabledtheGovernmenttosuspendtherightofHabeasCorpus,whichhadbeenthefoundationofcivillibertiesinBritain.(ii)Causedawaveofangerinallsections.ItwasthefirstcountrywideagitationbyGandhijiandmarkedthefoundationoftheNonCooperationMovement.JallianwalaBaghMassacre(April13,1919)(i)PeoplewereagitatedoverthearrestofDr.KitchluandDr.SatyapalonApril10,1919.(ii)GeneralO'DyerfiresatpeoplewhoassembledintheJallianwalaBagh,Amritsar.(iii)Asaresulthundredsofmen,womenandchildrenwerekilledandthousandsinjured.
(iv)RabindranathTagorereturnedhisKnighthoodinprotest.SirShankaranNairresignedfromViceroy'sExecutiveCouncilafterthis.HunterCommissionwasappointedtoenquireintoit.(v)OnMarch13,1940,SardarUdhamSinghkilledO'DyerwhenthelaterwasaddressingameetinginCaxtonHall,London.KhilafatMovement(1920)(i)MuslimswereagitatedbythetreatmentdonewithTurkeybytheBritishinthetreatythatfollowedtheFirstWorldWar.(ii)Twobrothers,Mohd.AliandShaukatAlistartedthismovement.NoncooperationMovement(1920)(i)ItwasthefirstmassbasedpoliticalmovementunderGandhiji.(ii)CongresspassedtheresolutioninitsCalcuttasessioninSept1920.ChauriChauraIncident(1922)(i)AmobofpeopleatChauriChaura(nearGorakhpur)clashedwithpoliceandburnt22policemenonFebruary5,1922.(ii)ThiscompelledGandhijitowithdrawtheNonCooperationmovementonFeb.12,1922.SimonCommission(1927)(i)ConstitutedunderJohnSimon,toreviewthepoliticalsituationinIndiaandtointroducefurtherreformsandextensionofparliamentarydemocracy.Indianleadersopposedthecommission,astherewerenoIndiansinit.(ii)TheGovernmentusedbrutalrepressionandpoliceattackstobreakthepopularopposition.AtLahore,LalaLajpatRaiwasseverelybeateninalathicharge.HesuccumbedtohisinjuriesonOct.30,1928.LahoreSession(1929)(i)OnDec.19,1929underthePresidentshipofJ.L.Nehru,theINC,atitsLahoreSession,declaredPoornaSwaraj(Completeindependence)asitsultimategoal.(ii)OnDec.31,1929,thenewlyadoptedtricolourflagwasunfurledandan.26,1930wasfixedastheFirstIndependenceDay,wastobecelebratedeveryyear.RevolutionaryActivities(i)ThefirstpoliticalmurderofaEuropeanwascommittedin1897atPoonabytheChapekarbrothers,DamodarandBalkishan.TheirtargetwasMr.Rand,PresidentofthePlagueCommission,butLt.Ayerstwasaccidentallyshot.(ii)In1907,MadamBhikaijiCama,aParsirevolutionaryunfurledtheflagofIndiaatStuttgartCongress(ofSecondinternational).(iii)In1908,KhudiramBoseandPrafullachakithrewabombonthecarriageofkingford,theunpopularjudgeofMuzaffapur.Khudiram,KanhaiyalalDuttandSatyendranathBosewerehanged(AlipurCase).(iv)In1909,MLDhingrashotdeadCol.WilliamCurzonWhyllie,thepoliticaladvisorofIndiaOfficeinLondon.
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(v)In1912,RasbihariBoseandSachindraNathSanyalthrewabombandLordHardingeatDelhi(DelhiConspiracyCase).(vi)InOct,1924,ameetingofrevolutionariesfromallpartsofIndiawascalledatKanpur.TheysetupHindustanSocialistRepublicAssociation/Army(HSRA).(vii)TheycarriedoutadacoityontheKakoriboundtrainontheSaharanpurLucknowrailwaylineonAug.9,1925.
(viii)BhagatSingh,withhiscolleagues,shotdeadSaunders(Asst.S.P.OfLahore,whoorderedlathichargeonLalaLajpatRai)onDec.17,1928.ThenBhagatSinghandBatukeshwarDuttthrewabombintheCentralAssemblyonApr8,1929.Thus,he,RajguruandSukhdevwerehangedonMarch.23,1931atLahoreJall(LahoreConspiracyCase)andtheirbodiescrematedatHussainiwalanearFerozepur.In1931,ChandrashekharAzadshothimselfatAlfredParkinAllahabad.
DandiMarch(1930)(i)AlsocalledtheSaltSatyagraha.(ii)Alongwith78followers,GandhijistartedhismarchfromSabarmatiAshramonMarch12,1930forthesmallvillageDandhitobreakthesaltlaw.(iii)HereachedtheseashoreonApr.6,1930.(iv)HepickedahandfulofsaltandinauguratedtheCivilDisobedienceMovement.
FirstRoundTableconference(1930)(i)ItwasthefirstconferencearrangedbetweentheBritishandIndiansasequals.ItwasheldonNov.12,1930inLondontodiscussSimoncommission.(ii)BoycottedbyINC,MuslimLeague,HinduMahasabha,Liberalsandsomeotherswerethere.GandhiIrwinPact(1931)(i)ModerateStatesman,Sapru,JaikarandSrinivasShastriinitiatedeffortstobreaktheicebetweenGandhijiandthegovernment.(ii)Thetwo(governmentrepresentedbyIrwinandINCbyGandhiji)signedapactonMarch5,1931.(iii)InthistheINCcalledoffthecivildisobediencemovementandagreedtojointhesecondroundtableconference.(iv)Thegovernmentonitspartreleasedthepoliticalprisonersandconcededtherighttomakesaltforconsumptionforvillagesalongthecoast.SecondRoundTableConference(1931)(i)GandhijirepresentedtheINCandwenttoLondontomeetBritishP.M.RamsayMacdonald.(ii)However,thesessionwassoondeadlockedontheminoritiesissueandthistimeseparateelectorateswasdemandednotonlybyMuslimsbutalsobyDepressedClasses,IndianChristiansandAngloIndians.TheCommunalAward(Aug16,1932)(i)AnnouncedbyRamsayMcDonald.ItshoweddivideandrulepolicyoftheBritish.(ii)EnvisagedrepresentationofMuslims,Sikhs,IndianChristians,AngloIndians,womenandevenBackwardclasses.(iii)Gandhiji,whowasinYeravadajailatthattime,startedafastuntodeathagainstit.PoonaPact(September25,1932)(i)AftertheannouncementofcommunalawardandsubsequentfastofGandhiji,massmeetingtookplacealmosteverywhere.(ii)PoliticalleaderslikeMadanMohanMalviya,B.R.AmbedkarandM.C.Rajahbecameactive.(iii)EventuallyPoonapactwasreachedandGandhijibrokehisfactonthesixthday(Sept25,1932).(iv)Inthis,theideaofseparateelectorateforthedepressedclasseswasabandoned,butseatsreservedtothemintheprovinciallegislaturewereincreased.ThirdRoundTableConference(1932)(i)Provedfruitlessasmostofthenationalleaderswereinprison.ThediscussionsledtothepassingoftheGovernmentofIndiaAct,1935.DemandForPakistan(i)In1930,IqbalsuggestedthattheFrontierProvince,Baluchistan,SindhandKashmirbemadetheMuslimStatewithinthefederation.(ii)ChaudharyRehmatAligavethetermPakistanin1923.(iii)Mohd.AliJinnahofBombaygaveitpracticality.(iv)MuslimLeaguefirstpassedtheproposalofseparatePakistaninitsLahoresessionin1940.
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TheCrippsMission1942:InDec.1941,JapanenteredtheWorldWarIIandadvancedtowardsIndianborders.ByMarch7,1942,RangoonfellandJapanoccupiedtheentireSEAsia.TheBritishgovt.withaviewtogettingcooperationfromIndianssentSirStaffordCripps,leaderoftheHouseofCommonstosettletermswiththeIndianleaders.Heofferedadraftwhichproposeddominionstatustobegrantedafterthewar.RejectedbytheCongressasitdidntwanttorelyuponfuturepromises.Gandhijitermeditasapostdatedchequeinacrashingbank.TheRevoltof1942&TheQuitIndiaMovement:CalledtheVardhaProposalandLeaderlessRevolt.TheresolutionwaspassedonAug.8,1942,atBombay.GandhijigavethesloganDoorDie.OnAug9,theCongresswasbannedanditsimportantleaderswerearrested.Thearrestsprovokedindignationamongthemassesand,therebeingnoprogramofaction,themovementbecamespontaneousandviolent.Violencespreadthroughoutthecountry.Themovementwashowevercrushed.TheIndianNationalArmy:FoundedbyRasbehariBosewithCaptainMohanSingh.S.C.BosesecretlyescapedfromIndiainJain1941,andreachedBerlin.InJuly1943,hejoinedtheINAatSingapore.There,RasbehariBosehandedovertheleadershiptohim.TwoINAheadquarterswereRangoonandSingapore(formedinSingapore).INAhadthreefightingbrigadesnamedafterGandhiji,AzadandNehru.RaniJhansiBrigadewasanexclusivewomenforce.TheCabinetMissionPlan(1946):Thestruggleforfreedomenteredadecisivephaseintheyear194546.ThenewLabourPartyPM.LordAttlee,madeadeclarationonMarch15,1946,thatBritishCabinetMission(comprisingofLordPethickLawrenceasChairman,SirStaffordCrippsandA.V.Alexander)willvisitIndia.ThemissionheldtalkswiththeINCandMLtobringaboutacceptanceoftheirproposals.OnMay16,1946,themissionputtowardsitsproposals.ItrejectedthedemandforseparatePakistanandinsteadafederalunionconsistingofBritishIndiaandthePrincelyStateswassuggested.BothCongressandMuslimsLeagueacceptedit.FormationofInterimGovernment(Sept2,1946):BasedonCabinetMissionPlan,aninterimgovernmentconsistingofCongressnomineeswasformedonSept.2,1946.J.L.NehruwasitsVicePresidentandtheGovernorGeneralremainedasitsPresident.JinnahsDirectActionResolution(Aug16,1946):JinnahwasalarmedattheresultsoftheelectionsbecausetheMuslimLeaguewasindangerofbeingtotallyeclipsedintheconstituentassembly.Therefore,MuslimLeaguewithdrewitsacceptanceoftheCabinetMissionPlanonJuly29,1946.ItpassedaDirectactionresolution,whichcondemned
boththeBritishGovernmentandtheCongress(Aug16,1946).Itresultedinheavycommunalriots.JinnahcelebratedPakistanDayonMar27,1947.
FormationofConstituentAssembly(Dec9,1946):TheConstituentassemblymetonDec9,1946andDr.RajendraPrasadwaselectedasitspresident.
MountbattenPlan(June3,1947):OnJune3,1947,LordMountbattenputforwardhisplanwhichoutlinedthestepsforthesolutionofIndiaspoliticalproblem.TheoutlinesofthePlanwere:IndiatobedividedintoIndiaandPakistan.BengalandPunjabwillbepartitionedandareferenduminNEFPandSylhetdistrictofAssamwouldbeheld.TherewouldbeaseparateconstitutionalassemblyforPakistantoframeitsconstitution.ThePrincelystateswouldenjoythelibertytojoineitherIndiaorPakistanorevenremainindependent.Aug.15,1947wasthedatefixedforhandingoverpowertoIndiaandPakistan.TheBritishgovt.passedtheIndianIndependenceActof1947inJuly1947,whichcontainedthemajorprovisionsputforwardbytheMountbattenplan.PartitionandIndependence(Aug1947):AllpoliticalpartiesacceptedtheMountbattenplan.Atthetimeofindependence,therewere562smallandbigPrincelyStatesinIndia.SardarVallabhBhaiPatel,thefirsthomeminister,usedironhandinthisregard.ByAugust15,1947,alltheStates,withafewexceptionslikeKashmir,HyderabadandJunagarhhadsignedtheInstrumentofAccession.GoawaswiththePortugueseandPondicherrywiththeFrench.IMPORTANTQUESTIONS
1. WhowastheGovernorGeneralofBengal?WarrenHastings
2. ThetrademonopolyofEastIndiacompanywasendedbywhichact?CharterActof1833
3. AdigranthorGuruGranthSahebwascompiledbyGuruArjunDev
4. SatyarthPrakeshwaswrittenbySwamiDayanandSaraswati
5. ThetheoryofeconomicdraininhisbookPovertyandUnBritishRuleinIndiawasgivenbyDadaBhaiNaoroji
6. IndiawasofIndependence1857iswrittenbyBegumHazarat
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7. ThefirstIndiantobecomememberoftheBritishParliamentDadabhaiNaoroji
8. ThelastBritishViceroyofIndiaLordMountabatten9. Whorepresented1andthe2ndRoundTable
conference?MKGhandi
10. ForWhichmovementdidGandhijigivetheslogan,Do
OrDie?OuitIndiaMovement
11. WhichCommitteewasappointedbytheBritishGovernmenttoinvestigateinJallianwalaBaghmassacre?HunterCommission
12. WhowasknownastheFrontierGandhi?KhanAbdulGaffar
13. WhowascalledtheIronManofIndia?SardarBallabhbhaiPatel
14. TheleaderofBardoliSatyagrah(1928)wasSardarBallabhbhaiPatel
15. TheauthorofNeelDarpanwasDinbandhuMitra
HistoryCulture:ClassicalDancesofIndia:1. BharatNatyamTamilNadu;2. BihuAssam3. BhangraPunjab;4. ChhauBihar,Orissa,W.BengalandJharkhand;5. GarhwaliUttaranchal;6. GarbaGujarat;7. HattariKarnataka;8. KathakNorthIndia;9. KathakaliKerala;10. KutchipudiAndhraPradesh;
11. KhantummMizoram;12. KarmaMadhyaPradesh;13. LahoMeghalaya;14. MohiniattamKerala;15. MandoGoa;16. ManipuriManipur;17. NatiHimachalPradesh;18. NatNatinBihar;19. OdissiOrissa;20. RaufJammu&Kashmir;
GEOGRAPHY
IMPORTANTPOINTS
1. ThefirstpersontousethewordgeographywasErastosthenes(276194BC)
2. TheFirstpresentedtheIndiaontheworldmapTolmie
3. 10latitudegivetheseperatioof111kms4. 10Longitudeisequalto4(minutes)5. TheClosestcapitaltotropiccancerRanchi6. 3capitalsareabovetoTropicofCancerJaipur,
Aizwol,Agarthala7. Theatmospherelayerwhichreflectsradiowavesis
knownasLonosphere8. WhichStateisknownasthenameofBlackWater?
AndamanandNicobar9. WhichlatitudedividesIndiaintotwoparts?23010. ThelargestdeltaintheworldisThedeltaofGanga11. ThetypeofclimateinIndiaisMonsoon12. MostoftheironinIndiaisfoundinDharwarRocks13. OzonelayerisfoundinStratosphere14. RingoffirereferstoCircumPacificSeismicbelt15. WillyWillyisthetropicalcycloneoccurringinCoast
ofNorthwestAustralia
16. Onwhichriver,theBagliharHydropowrprojectislocated?Chenab
17. ThetermRugurreferstoBlackcottonSoil18. Whichtwopeninsularriversflowthroughtroughs?
NarmadandTapi19. HowmuchareadoesIndiacoverofthetotal
geographicalareaoftheworld?2.42%20. ThelengthoftheIndiancoastlineis7516.6km
SomeImportantBoundaryLinesDurandLine
BetweenPakistanandAfghanistan
Hinderbergline
BetweenGermanyandPoland
49thParallel
BetweenUSAandCanada
MacMohanLine
BetweenIndiaandTibet/China
MaginotLine
BetweenFranceandGermany
38thParallel
BetweenNorthandSouthKorea
OderNeisseLine
BetweenGermanyandPoland
RadcliffeLine
BetweenIndiaandPakistan
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17thParallel
BetweenIndaandPakistan(asclaimedbyPakistan)
ImportantNationalParkinIndia
1. KazirangaNationalParkGolaghat/Nagaon(Assam)2. ManasTigerSanctuaryBarpeta(Assam)3. KeoladeoNationalParkBharatpur(Rajasthan)4. SundarbansTigerSanctuary24Paraganas(West
Bengal)
5. BandhavgarhNationalParkShahdol(MadhyaPradesh)
6. KanhaNationalParkMandla(MadhyaPradesh)7. DudwaNationalParkLakhimpurKheri(Uttar
Pradesh)8. ChandraprabhaSanctuaryVaranasi(UttarPradesh)9. CorbettNationalParkNainital(Uttarakhand)10. RajajiNationalParkDehradun,(Uttarakhand)11. DachigamNationalParkSrinagar(Jammu&
Kashmir)12. RanthamboreTigerSanctuarySawaiMadhopur
(Rajasthan)13. GhatprabhaBirdSanctuaryBelgaum(Karnataka)14. BandipurNationalParkMysore(Karnataka)15. GirNationalParkJunagarh(Gujarat)16. NalSarovarBirdSanctuaryAhmedabad(Gujarat)17. HazaribaghNationalParkHazaribagh(Jharkhand)18. NelapattuBirdSanctuaryNellore(AndhraPradesh)19. MudumalaiSanctuaryNilgiris(Tamilnadu)20. PeriyarSanctuaryIdduki(Kerala)21. SimlipalTigerSanctuaryMayurbhanj(Odisha)22. GahirmathaTurtleSanctuaryKendrapara(Odisha)23. VikramshilaGangeticDolphinSanctuaryBhagalpur
(Bihar)24. SilentValleyNationalParkPalakkad,(Kerala)25. RaniJhansiMarineNationalParkAndaman&Nicobar
Island26. CampbellNationalParkAndaman&NicobarIslands27. GalatheaNationalParkAndaman&NicobarIsland28. MahatmaGandhiMarineNationalParkAndaman&
NicobarLargestProducersofcropsinIndia
1. ThelargestproducerofwheatinIndiaUttarPradesh2. ThelargestproducerofsugarcaneinIndiaUttar
Pradesh3. ThelargestproducerofgroundnutinIndiaGujarat4. ThelargestproducerofteainIndiaAssam5. ThelargestproducerofcoffeeinIndiaKarnataka6. ThelargestproducerofjuteinIndiaWestBengal
7. ThelargestproduceroftobaccoinIndiaAndhraPradesh
8. ThelargestproducerofbananasinIndiaTamilnadu9. ThelargestproducerofonioninIndiaMaharashtra10. ThelargestproducerofblackpepperinIndiaKerala
INDIANPOLITYIMPORTANTPOINTS
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1. TheConstitutionofIndiawasadoptedon26thNovember1949
2. TheConstituentAssemblyofIndiastartedfunctioningfrom:9thDecember,1946
3. TheConstituentAssemblytooktimetoframetheConstitutionofIndia2years11months18days
4. Theconceptofwrittenconstitution,firstbornwasUSA5. TheconstitutionofIndiaisPartlyrigid,partly
flexible
6. ThewordSecularismwasinsertedinthePreambleoftheIndianConstitutionby42ndAmendment
7. ThePreambletotheconstitutiondeclaresIndiaasAsovereignSocialistSecularDemocraticRepublic
8. TheitemEducationbelongstotheConcurrentList9. Howmanylanguageshaverecongnisedbythe
Constitution?2210. ThenumberofUnionTerritoriesinIndiais711. PartoftheIndianConstitutiondealswithFundamental
RightsPartIII12. ConstitutionalAmendmentdeletedtheRighttoProperty
fromthelistofFundamentalRights44thAmendment13. ArticlesofIndianConstitutionguaranteesfreedomto
pressArticle1914. InyearFundamentalDutiesofcitizenswereintroduced
by42ndAmendment197615. RashtrapatiBhawanwasdesignedbyEdwinLutyens16. APresidentialOrdinancecanremaininforceForsix
months17. InArticleoftheConstitutionofIndiacanbethe
PresidentofIndiabeimpeachedArticle6118. InIndia,thePresidentiselectedbySingle
TransferableVote19. ThefirstwomantobecomethePrimeMinisterofa
countrySirimavoBhandharnaike20. TheFatherofIndianeconomicreformManmohan
SinghRevolutionsTheserevolutionsaimattheincreasedproductionintherespectivesector.Whatarethey?REVOLUTIONS RELATEDPinkRevolution Onion,PrawnsYellowRevolution Oilseeds,(mustard,
Sunfloweretc.)BrownRevolution LeatherSilverRevolution Egg(Poultry)GoldenRevolution Honey,Apiculture,
HorticultureBlackRevolution PetroleumRedRevolution Tomato,MeatRoundRevolution PotatoGreyRevolution Fertilizer
BasicScience1. Pyrometerisusedformeasuringhighertemperature.2. Whenicemeltsinaglassofwater,thelevelofwaterin
glassremainsthesame.3. Ifashipentersintoseafromthelakethelevelofthe
shiprises.4. S.Iunitofheatisjoule,inC.G.Ssystemitiscalorie.5. Hopesexperimentprovesthedensityofwateris
maximumat4degreeCelsius.6. TheS.IunitoftemperatureisKelvin.7. Thermostatusedtomaintainaconstanttemperature.8. Absolutezero:273degreeCelsius.9. Absolutezero:460degreeFahrenheit10. At40degree,theFahrenheitandCentigradescalesare
equal.
VitaminChemicalNameDeficiencydisease1. ARetinolNightblindness2. B1ThiamineBeriBeri3. B2RiboflavinCheilosis4. B5NiacinPellagra5. B6PyridoxineConvulsionsinchild6. B12CynacobalaminPerniciousanemia7. CAscorbicAcidScurvy8. DCalciferolRickets9. ETocopherolSterility10. KPhylloquinoneHemophilia
SpecialGKHumanBody
1. WhoinventedElectroCardioGram(ECG)?Wilhelm
Eithovan2. WhatisthepHvalueofblood?7.43. Whatpresentinbloodhelpsinthetransportationof
oxygen?Hemoglobin4. Whatcarrieshormonestodifferentpartsofbody?
blood
5. Whichdiseaseisalsoknownas'ChristmasDisease'?Hemophilia
6. Whichbloodgroupisknownas'UniversalDonor'?Ogroup
7. Whichbloodgroupis'Universalrecipient'?ABgroup
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8. Whichistheonlyveininthehumanbodythatcarriespureblood?Pulmonaryvein
9. Whichisthelargestglandofhumanbody?Liver10. Whatistheaverageperiodofhumanpregnancy?36
38weeks
MISSLANEOUSGENERALKNOWLEDGE
1. EutrophicationisassociatedwithNitratesandPhosphates
2. Dryiceisthecondenseformof carbondioxide
3. Areductionreactioninvolves additionofnitrogen
4. Anantiknockforpetrolis
Leadtetraethyl5. Thesystemsofgovernmentisbicentralismanessential
featureis Federalsystem6. Monopolistresortstopricediscriminationdependingupon
theElasticityofdemand7. Economicplanningisanessentialfeatureof
Socialisteconomy8. TheCentralDrugReasearchInstituteofIndiaislocatedat
Lucknow9. Thecerealswasamongthefirsttobeusedbyman
Wheat10. Ifaresistivewireiselongated,itsresistance
increases11. Thesweettasteoffruitsisdueto
Fructose12. ThethreetierPanchayatRajsysteminIndiawas
proposedbythe BalwantRaiMehtaCommittee
13. UndertheArticleoftheConstitutionisthePresidentsRuleintroducedinaStateduetothefailureoftheconstitutionalmachinery Article356
14. BrownRevolutionis GrowthoffoodprocessionandsoftdrinksindustriesinIndia
15. GoldenRevolutionrefersto Horticulture
16. Rustingofironrequires oxygenandwater
17. TheBreakEvenpointisTotalrevenueequalstotalcost
18. ThemethodofImpeachmentofthePresidentofIndiaisadoptedfrom U.S.A
19. Generally,thesoilofthenorthernplansofIndiahasbeenformedby Aggradation
20. HiuenTsangvisitedIndiaduringthereignofHarshavardhana
21. ThecommunalelectoratewasintroducedforthefirsttimeinIndiain 190922. SeabreezeisformedduringDaytime23. Ageostationarysatelliterevolvesroundtheearthfrom
WesttoEast24. Cementisformedbystronglyheatingamixtureof
Limestoneandclay25. Glassisa Supercooledliquid26. Lambertslawisrelatedto
Illumination27. TheDraftingoftheConstitutionwascompletedon
26thJanuary,195028. ThejudgesoftheSupremeCourtretireattheageof:
65years29. ThecallofBacktotheVedaswasgivenby:
SwamiDayanandSaraswati30. Reddatabookgivesinformationaboutspeciesare:
Endangered31. ThetimeperiodofapendulumwhentakentotheMoon
would: Increase32. Whitelungdiseaseisprevalentamongtheworkersof:
Pesticideindustry33. Anartificialecosystemisrepresentedby
Aquarium34. Theoptimumdissolvedoxygenlevel(inmg/litre)required
forsurvivalofaquaticorganismsis:4635. TheSystemofDyarchywasintroducedinIndiain
191936. ThemineralsisfoundinMonazitesandisThorium37. WhichplantiscalledHerbalIndianDoctor?
Amla38. ThepHofHumanbloodis
7.439. Opticalfibresarebasedonthephenomenonof
TotalInternalReflection40. Mirageisanexampleof
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Refractionandtotalinternalreflectionoflight
41. TheelementwhichisusedforvulcanizingrubberSulphur
42. FortheelectionofPresidentofIndia,acitizenshouldhavecompletedtheageof
35years43. AmemberofParliamentwilllosehismembershipof
ParliamentifheiscontinuouslyabsentfromSessionsfor60days
44. WhichwasdescribedbyDr.B.R.AmbedkarastheHeartandSouloftheConstitution?
RighttoConstitutionalRemedies
45. AnindividualsactualstandardoflivingcanbeassessedbyDisposablePersonalIncome
46. FahienvisitedIndiaduringthereignofChandraguptaII47. ThelandlockedseaisAralSea48. Hydrogenbombisbasedontheprincipleof
Uncontrolledfusionreaction49. Tropospheristhehottestpartoftheatmospherebecause
ItisheatedbytheEarthssurface50. TheoutermostlayeroftheSuniscalledCorona51. Thetissueinmanwherenocelldivisionoccursafterbirthis
Nerves52. ThewarmbloodedanimalsareWhales53. SyrinxisthevoiceboxinBirds54. ThelargestecosystemoftheEarthisBiome
55. Whichtypeofglassisusedformakingglassreinforced
plastic Fibreglass56. WhocoinedthewordGeography?
Eratosthenese
57. TheecologicalhotspotofIndiaisWesternGhats58. ThetermMicroEconomicsandMacroEconomicswere
coinedby J.M.Keynes59. Tetraethylelead(TEL)isAnantioxidant60. APresidentialOrdinancecanremaininforce
Forsixmonths