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STARS
BY SEYMOUR SIMON
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Stars are huge balls of hot gases
• Our sun is a star, and it is the star nearest our planets Earth and our solar system
• Other stars are so far away we barely see them, they are just pinpoints of light to us
• Stars have names and groups of stars are called constellations
• Many stars are named for gods, heroes, or animals
• Some examples include Orion, Alpha Centauri, all of which are in a large body of stars called the Milky Way
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Light Years
• The distance between the stars is so large that scientists measure it as light years instead of miles
• Light travels at a speed of about 186,000 miles per second, so a light year is the distance that light travels in one year: a bit less than 6 trillion miles
• On a clear night you can see about 2000 stars without a telescope
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Galileo invented the telescope
• When Galileo looked up into the sky he saw many 1000’s of stars never seen before
• When you look at a photograph of the Milky Way, you see a cloud like area
• The cloud is really millions of stars – like grains of sand on a beach
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Nebulas
• Stars are made from giant clouds of gas of hydrogen and helium and dust called Nebulas
• Over millions of years, gravity pulls the gas and dust together and they heat up
• When the gases get hot enough, they explode and the star is born
• When stars get older they are usually blueish in color
• Older stars are yellow and are 10,000 degrees hot
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Old stars
• When stars get really old they run out of hydrogen fuel and act like “popcorn” and explode to a much bigger star, called red giant stars
• They can be so big that it would be the size of our Sun, plus Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
• Finally, stars shrink and collapse into small planet like stars, called white dwarf stars
• White dwarf stars burn out into Black dwarf stars and then finally die
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Stars can explode
• White dwarfs can explode and become much brighter, becoming a Nova
• A supernova star flares up and gets a million times brighter- this may happen only once in a few hundred years
• The Crab Nebula is what remains of a supernova seen by Chinese astrologists in the year 1054 ( almost 1000 years ago!)
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Supernovas & Black Holes
• Supernovas often turn into small tight balls, called a neutron star.
• The neutron star spins rapidly and gives off x-rays, called a pulsar
• When a big star cools and collapses, it gets crushed by gravity and then the star disappears- this is a Black Hole
• Anything that gets too close to a Black hole gets “sucked” into it and can’t escape
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Our sun
• Our sun is a loner star, without any others nearby it.
• Most stars are paired with other stars- called binary stars
• Some stars are clustered in groups of 3-8 stars- called star clusters
• A globular cluster contains many thousand stars together
• There is a cluster known as M.13 in the Hercules constellation- it has at least a million stars
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Galaxies
• Galaxies are large star systems- our solar system belongs to the Milky Way galaxy
• Our sun is on the edge to the galaxy, and it revolves around in a swirl- it would take 225 million years to get to the same spot it is in today
• There are other planet and suns in our galaxy.• Planets form at the same time and from the
same gases as the sun star
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Is there life beyond Earth?
• We don’t know if there is life on any other planets like Earth
• Our scientists use radio telescopes to try to find other life forms
• The Andromeda galaxy is a spiral galaxy with twice as many stars as in the Milky Way
• The scientists estimate there are one hundred billion other galaxies, each with millions of stars
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Quasars
• Beyond the galaxies are bright star-like objects called quasars.
• Each quasars give off a 100 times more energy of all the stars in a galaxy put together
• Scientists think that quasars may be the centers of young galaxies
• Powerful telescopes orbiting the Earth may show us the very edges of the universe and the beginning of time itself
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Questions?• What are stars?
a) hot gases of hydrogen b) lights in the sky
• What is a galaxy? a) lots of stars together
b) few stars together
• How do scientists listen for life on other planets
a) radio wavesb) light waves
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VOCABULARY
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SPELLING WORDS