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The purpose of this article is to explain the static analy sis
of slug flow using Caesar II. This article will cover the
following points in brief:
Introduction
Calculation of Slug Force
Static Analy sis
Inputs Required
Assumptions
Case Study showing an example
INT RODUCT ION
Slug Flow is ty pical two phase flow where a wave is picked up periodically by the rapidly moving gas to
form a frothy slug, which passes along the pipe at a greater velocity than the average liquid velocity .
In this ty pe of flow, slugs can cause severe and, in some cases, dangerous v ibrations in piping sy stems
because of the impact of the high-velocity slugs against fittings such as bend, Tee etc.
Slug flows generate dy namic fluid forces, which may induce structural v ibration.
What is PipingAn attempt to explain process piping engineering basics in detail to help all the process piping engineering
professionals around the world.
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7 th August 201 4 want2learn Caesar II 2 Comments
Static Analysis of Slug flow: A Presentation for
Beginners
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Slug Flow
Excessive v ibration may lead to component failures due to fatigue or resonance.
Such v ibration problem may be avoided by thorough analy sis, preferably at design stage.
Two ty pes of Analy sis Methods are prevalent- o Static Analy sis and o Dy namic Analy sis
Examples of Slug flow: o Vacuum Transfer Lines o Condenser Outlet Lines o Re-boiler Return Lines o
Fired Heater outlets o Boiler Blow down lines.
SLUG FORCE
Slug force is equal to the change in momentum with respect to time. Refer the below attached figure:
Diagram Showing Slug Force Application
Use the following equations to calculate Slug Force.
Multiply the calculated value with a suitable DLF. Normally a DLF of 2.0 is common to use.
http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Slug-Flow.jpghttp://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Diagram-Showing-Slug-Force-Application.jpg
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Diagram Showing Slug Force Equation
ST AT IC ANALYSIS
INPUT S REQUIRED FOR ANALYSIS:
Stress isometrics of complete sy stem.
Line parameters such as line temperatures, pressures, fluid density , pipe material, corrosion allowance,
insulation thickness, density etc.
Parameters required for Slug force calculation like slug density or liquid density , two phase velocity etc.
Nozzle allowable if connected to equipment.
ASSUMPT IONS FOR ANALYSIS:
It is assumed that the slug is formed across the full cross section of the pipe for the maximum impact.
This configuration is least probable for vertically down word flow as no hold up is possible for
accumulation of liquid and eventual formation of slug. Hence slug force at elbows for vertically
downward flow lines are not considered.
It is assumed that the reader knows normal static analy sis of piping sy stem using Caesar II.
http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Diagram-Showing-Slug-Force-Equation.jpg
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CASE ST UDY FOR ANALYSIS:
Lets assume the shown sy stem is subjected to slug flow. The parameters for the pipe are as mentioned
below:
Pipe: A106B, 6, Sch 40
CA=3 mm
T1=100 degree C
T2=7 5 degree C
P1=15 bar
Liquid Density =950 Kg/m^3
Two phase Velocity =10.53 m/s
Stress System under consideration
After modeling the piping sy stem following conventional method we have to calculate the slug force and
apply the same into the sy stem. Normally all organizations have their excel spreadsheet to calculate Slug
Force. A ty pical excel spreadsheet for slug force calculation is shown in the below attached figure for y our
reference.
Malleable Fittings Indiajainsonsindustries.com
Malleable Fitting, Ductile Fittings For Gas Distribution & Fire Fightin
http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Stress-System-under-consideration.jpghttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVfXLppz9U_SaCY2juASRqYHACrm_9p4FodGIh5IBwI23ARABIMfI6yFQ4IbPoPz_____AWDlgoCA2A7IAQGpAg200S-QwFE-qAMByAPDBKoEmwFP0J_1oeai_JB6elzyDfUs1OUnfd6Itumz2UTZ72h2DxbGjas2zek6AS8WWUwKkM5oSTXge4LBd_VfyhFuccpWSw-5veRev5KJgJA5BUj4kZyWpLnGTVD66FWCugaGSlesDxUjCJK1R1hzWpk82BErZls8ZjOiE3Cexh1Lx6CwRlULjVyhvD02yVs8nuRxiiQvPl9jsMRqaNhGpIAHvZv1BA&num=1&sig=AOD64_1lWBYxEhqLJqSeifoAnmMBUFz8fA&client=ca-pub-7884054934090230&adurl=http://www.pipefittings.inhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVfXLppz9U_SaCY2juASRqYHACrm_9p4FodGIh5IBwI23ARABIMfI6yFQ4IbPoPz_____AWDlgoCA2A7IAQGpAg200S-QwFE-qAMByAPDBKoEmwFP0J_1oeai_JB6elzyDfUs1OUnfd6Itumz2UTZ72h2DxbGjas2zek6AS8WWUwKkM5oSTXge4LBd_VfyhFuccpWSw-5veRev5KJgJA5BUj4kZyWpLnGTVD66FWCugaGSlesDxUjCJK1R1hzWpk82BErZls8ZjOiE3Cexh1Lx6CwRlULjVyhvD02yVs8nuRxiiQvPl9jsMRqaNhGpIAHvZv1BA&num=1&sig=AOD64_1lWBYxEhqLJqSeifoAnmMBUFz8fA&client=ca-pub-7884054934090230&adurl=http://www.pipefittings.inhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVfXLppz9U_SaCY2juASRqYHACrm_9p4FodGIh5IBwI23ARABIMfI6yFQ4IbPoPz_____AWDlgoCA2A7IAQGpAg200S-QwFE-qAMByAPDBKoEmwFP0J_1oeai_JB6elzyDfUs1OUnfd6Itumz2UTZ72h2DxbGjas2zek6AS8WWUwKkM5oSTXge4LBd_VfyhFuccpWSw-5veRev5KJgJA5BUj4kZyWpLnGTVD66FWCugaGSlesDxUjCJK1R1hzWpk82BErZls8ZjOiE3Cexh1Lx6CwRlULjVyhvD02yVs8nuRxiiQvPl9jsMRqaNhGpIAHvZv1BA&num=1&sig=AOD64_1lWBYxEhqLJqSeifoAnmMBUFz8fA&client=ca-pub-7884054934090230&adurl=http://www.pipefittings.inhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVfXLppz9U_SaCY2juASRqYHACrm_9p4FodGIh5IBwI23ARABIMfI6yFQ4IbPoPz_____AWDlgoCA2A7IAQGpAg200S-QwFE-qAMByAPDBKoEmwFP0J_1oeai_JB6elzyDfUs1OUnfd6Itumz2UTZ72h2DxbGjas2zek6AS8WWUwKkM5oSTXge4LBd_VfyhFuccpWSw-5veRev5KJgJA5BUj4kZyWpLnGTVD66FWCugaGSlesDxUjCJK1R1hzWpk82BErZls8ZjOiE3Cexh1Lx6CwRlULjVyhvD02yVs8nuRxiiQvPl9jsMRqaNhGpIAHvZv1BA&num=1&sig=AOD64_1lWBYxEhqLJqSeifoAnmMBUFz8fA&client=ca-pub-7884054934090230&adurl=http://www.pipefittings.in
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Excel Spreadsheet for Slug force calculation
So if we use a DLF of 2 then each of axial and orthogonal force will be 4240N. We have to incorporate this
force in Caesar II input spreadsheet. Check the below mentioned figure for direction of forces.
Slug force in Bends with Application direction
http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Excel-Spreadsheet-for-Slug-force-calculation.jpghttp://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Slug-force-in-Bends-with-Application-direction.jpg
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Now we will input the axial and orthogonal forces at all changes in direction as shown in attached figure.
To enter forces click on the Forces button in Caesar II spreadsheet.
Prov ide the node number and magnitude of forces with proper direction.
Similarly input forces in all bends (other than vertically downward bends).
Caesar Spreadsheet Showing input methodology of Slug Force
Next step is to prepare the required load cases. Few additional load cases need to be prepared for static
analy sis of slug force. The same has been shown in the below mentioned figure.
Caesar II Load cases for Slug Flow Analysis
http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Caesar-Spreadsheet-Showing-input-methodology-of-Slug-Force.jpghttp://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Caesar-II-Load-cases-for-Slug-Flow-Analysis.jpg
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Prepare the load cases as mentioned in the figure.
Make stress ty pes as occasional
Use combination methods as Scalar
OUT PUT REPORT
Additionally We have to check code compliance for load cases L14 to L17 and ensure that the values are
well within code allowable values.
We have to check forces and displacements for load cases L1 to L9.
Refer below mentioned figures for reference:
Caesar II Code compliance check report
Caesar II Restraint Summary check report
http://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Caesar-II-Code-compliance-check-report.jpghttp://www.whatispiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Caesar-II-Restraint-Summary-check-report.jpg
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Keep all stresses, forces and displacements within allowable limit. If exceeds then try iteration with support
location change, support ty pe change or routing change.
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2. Stress Analy sis of Colum n piping sy stem using Caesar II
3. Few Im portant points for Stress Analy sis based on ASME B 31.4
4. T op 12 m ust have Piping books for a begineer into Piping industry
5. Steps followed for Stress Analy sis of Underground Piping using Caesar II
6. Stress Analy sis of Centrifugal Com pressor Connected Piping Sy stem s using Caesar II:
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This article has 2 comments
sridhar
Thursday 7 August 2014, 5:46 pm
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Dear Anup,
This is very good article for beginners and use full one.
In the slug force calculation spread sheet all input units are in KG then how force is calculated in
newton.
I think the calculated force will be 20797.2 N and after considering DLF the force will be 41595 N.
Reply
want2learn
Thursday 7 August 2014, 7:53 pm
May be I have made a mistake..I will check that in the original spreadsheet..The figure is
just for illustration purposethanks for your response
Reply
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Must have Load cases for stress analy sis of a ty pical piping sy stem using Caesar II
Trunnion Checking or Dummy Checking during stress analy sis of a piping sy stem
Stress Analy sis of Column piping sy stem using Caesar II
Piping Stress Job Interv iew questions for y ou: Part 1
Top 12 must have Piping books for a begineer into Piping industry
Nozzle Loading of Various Equipments and means for reducing them
Flange Leakage checking in Caesar II using ASME Section VIII method
Flange Leakage Evaluation based on NC 3658.3 Method method using Caesar II
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