Download - Steering Systems
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Steering systems Steering systems
Parts and function Parts and function
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Steering system Steering system componentscomponents
Steering wheel, column and shaft – driver Steering wheel, column and shaft – driver inputsinputs
Steering gear – changes direction – Steering gear – changes direction – rotating steering wheel into linear motionrotating steering wheel into linear motion
Steering linkage – connects steering gear Steering linkage – connects steering gear to steering armsto steering arms
Ball joints – allows movement of steering Ball joints – allows movement of steering components and suspensioncomponents and suspension
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Steering Steering
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Steering wheelSteering wheel
Attaches to steering column and shaft by Attaches to steering column and shaft by 1 or more fasteners, most single nut1 or more fasteners, most single nut
Have an interference fit on the shaft – Have an interference fit on the shaft – very tight fit, may need a pullervery tight fit, may need a puller
May contain an airbag assembly, radio May contain an airbag assembly, radio controls, cruise controls, etccontrols, cruise controls, etc
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Steering wheel Steering wheel
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Puller Puller
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Steering columnSteering column
Contains and supports the steering shaftContains and supports the steering shaft May have a tilt mechanismMay have a tilt mechanism May have telescoping mechanismMay have telescoping mechanism Also houses ignition switchAlso houses ignition switch May be designed to collapse during front May be designed to collapse during front
impact – has plastic or soft metal rivets impact – has plastic or soft metal rivets that are easily damaged or broken from that are easily damaged or broken from improper use or removalimproper use or removal
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Steering column Steering column
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Steering columnSteering column
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Steering column couplerSteering column coupler
Steering column couplers allow pivot Steering column couplers allow pivot points in the columnpoints in the column
Like a universal jointLike a universal joint Loose or worn couplers will result in a Loose or worn couplers will result in a
loose steering feel, vibration, noise, or loose steering feel, vibration, noise, or sticky steering feelsticky steering feel
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Steering column couplerSteering column coupler
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Impact Impact
If the vehicle is involved in a front impact, If the vehicle is involved in a front impact, always inspect the steering column and always inspect the steering column and wheelwheel
Squeaking, chirping or rubbing sounds Squeaking, chirping or rubbing sounds indicate damageindicate damage
Catching, binding and play indicate Catching, binding and play indicate damagedamage
Especially if the airbag deploys!Especially if the airbag deploys!
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Steering ratioSteering ratio
Steering ratio is a measurement of how many turns of Steering ratio is a measurement of how many turns of the steering wheel it takes to go from a full lock to the the steering wheel it takes to go from a full lock to the other full lockother full lock
Basically how many turns from all the way left to all the Basically how many turns from all the way left to all the way rightway right
Also measured from the center (straight) to a full lock Also measured from the center (straight) to a full lock turnturn
Fast ratio is 3 turns lock to lockFast ratio is 3 turns lock to lock Slow is about 4 or 5 times lock to lockSlow is about 4 or 5 times lock to lock 15:1 ratio – wheels move 15deg for 1 deg of steering 15:1 ratio – wheels move 15deg for 1 deg of steering
wheel movementwheel movement
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Variable ratio steering Variable ratio steering
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Steering gear systemsSteering gear systems
Recirculating ballRecirculating ball Rack and pinionRack and pinion Power assistPower assist Electronic assistElectronic assist
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Steering Steering
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Recirculating ballRecirculating ball
Recirculating ball is used on trucks in Recirculating ball is used on trucks in modern vehiclesmodern vehicles
Used on most vehicles prior to 1980 and Used on most vehicles prior to 1980 and the use of front wheel drivethe use of front wheel drive
Uses balls on a worm gear Uses balls on a worm gear Has a pitman armHas a pitman arm
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Recirculating ball Recirculating ball
Balls inside the gear ride inside guide Balls inside the gear ride inside guide pathspaths
Move from one end of the ball nut Move from one end of the ball nut through guides, back to the bottom of the through guides, back to the bottom of the housinghousing
Uses a Parallelogram Linkage steering Uses a Parallelogram Linkage steering arm systemarm system
Pitman arm moves steering tie rods Pitman arm moves steering tie rods
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Recirculating ball Recirculating ball
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Recirculating ballRecirculating ball
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Rack and pinion steeringRack and pinion steering
Uses a rack and pinion gearUses a rack and pinion gear Pinion meshes with a gear on end of Pinion meshes with a gear on end of
steering shaftsteering shaft As gear rotates, pinion rotates and As gear rotates, pinion rotates and
moves rack left or rightmoves rack left or right
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Rack and pinion Rack and pinion
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Rack and pinion Rack and pinion
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Steering linkage Steering linkage
Steering linkage is anything connected to Steering linkage is anything connected to the wheels and the steering gearthe wheels and the steering gear
Tie rodsTie rods Steering armsSteering arms Steering knucklesSteering knuckles Ball jointsBall joints
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Steering linkage Steering linkage
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Tierods Tierods
Tierods are attached to pivot points on Tierods are attached to pivot points on each front wheeleach front wheel
The other end is attached to the steering The other end is attached to the steering gear or rackgear or rack
Allows for suspension movementAllows for suspension movement Used to adjust TOE of the car – tires face Used to adjust TOE of the car – tires face
in / \ or out \ / when driving straight in / \ or out \ / when driving straight
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Tierods Tierods
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Tierods Tierods
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Steering arms Steering arms
Tierods attach to the front wheels at the Tierods attach to the front wheels at the steering arms steering arms
The steering arm is attached to the The steering arm is attached to the steering knuckle, which includes the steering knuckle, which includes the spindlespindle
Used to get proper steering angle during Used to get proper steering angle during turns turns
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Steering arms Steering arms
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Steering knuckle and Steering knuckle and spindlespindle
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Steering knuckle and Steering knuckle and spindle spindle
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Ball joints Ball joints
Allow suspension movement up and Allow suspension movement up and down, as well as turning movementdown, as well as turning movement
Located in control arms – in lower, as Located in control arms – in lower, as well as upper control arm if so equippedwell as upper control arm if so equipped
Wear items – need replacement Wear items – need replacement periodically periodically
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Ball joints Ball joints
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Ball joints Ball joints
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Ball jointsBall joints
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Steering designsSteering designs
Parallelogram – used on cars with Parallelogram – used on cars with recirculating ball gear steering recirculating ball gear steering
Rack and pinion – used on cars with a Rack and pinion – used on cars with a steering rack and pinion gearsteering rack and pinion gear
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Parallelogram Parallelogram
Uses tierods connected to a center linkUses tierods connected to a center link Uses a pitman arm to move steering Uses a pitman arm to move steering
linkagelinkage Also uses an idler arm to support the Also uses an idler arm to support the
linkage on the passenger sidelinkage on the passenger side
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Parallelogram steeringParallelogram steering
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Pitman armPitman arm
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Rack and pinion Rack and pinion
Fewer moving parts than the recirculating Fewer moving parts than the recirculating ballball
Smaller and more compactSmaller and more compact Can be a center link type as wellCan be a center link type as well
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Rack and pinion Rack and pinion
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Rack and pinion Rack and pinion
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Rack and pinion Rack and pinion
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Power steering Power steering
Used to aid in steering Used to aid in steering Can be hydraulic – uses a pump driven by the Can be hydraulic – uses a pump driven by the
engine, or an electric motor, to pump fluid engine, or an electric motor, to pump fluid through the power steering rack/box to aid through the power steering rack/box to aid driver in turning the steering wheeldriver in turning the steering wheel
Can be electric – uses electric motor mounted Can be electric – uses electric motor mounted on rack/box to help driver turn the steering on rack/box to help driver turn the steering wheel wheel
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Power steering Power steering
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Power steering Power steering
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Electronic power steeringElectronic power steering
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4 wheel steering 4 wheel steering
Used by some manufacturers to aid Used by some manufacturers to aid handlinghandling
Front wheels do most of the steering Front wheels do most of the steering At low speeds, rear wheels steer At low speeds, rear wheels steer
opposite front to tighten turning radiusopposite front to tighten turning radius At high speeds, rear wheels turn with At high speeds, rear wheels turn with
front to improve handling and corneringfront to improve handling and cornering
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4 wheel steering 4 wheel steering
Can be hydraulic or electricCan be hydraulic or electric Front steering is usually “normal” power Front steering is usually “normal” power
steering steering Rear wheel steering can be driven Rear wheel steering can be driven
hydraulically or by electric motorhydraulically or by electric motor
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4 wheel steering 4 wheel steering
3000GT VR4 All Wheel Steering demo – YouTube