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Carbon storage in old-growth forests
Stephan Glatzel
Geoecology Lab
Dept. of Geography and Regional Research
University of Vienna
Gerd Gleixner, MPI BGC Jena
Uwe Schmidt, Freiburg University
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Issues
1. Research in the Hainich NP and Iphofen
2. My ideas of burning issues in Soil Science
3. Teaching and Research Initiatives
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Introduction
C sink of forest soils
OSU, 2014
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Introduction
Net ecosystem production and forest age
Luyssaert et al., 2008
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Motivation
Result EC tower MPI for Biogeochemistry Jena
http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/public/carboeur/archive/files/Schumacher_Hainich_Tower&Shape2.jpg
Knohl et al. (2002):
2000: 580 g C m-2 yr-1 Net-C-Storage
2001: 480 g C m-2 yr-1 Net-C-Storage
Core zone of Hainich NP (old growth) ist not
C neutral, it stores C!
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Motivation
Litter use and standards-
with coppice
Thuringia Basin=
Forest use documents since 14.
Century
Strong population growth led to
exploitation of forests
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Motivation
Luyssaert et al., 2008:
“Old-growth forests accumulate carbon for centuries and contain large
quantities of it. We expect, however, that much of this carbon, even
soil carbon, will move back to the atmosphere if these forests are
disturbed.”
• Conceptional models of soil C storage in forests appreciate the role of
the successional stage, but no data on this issue has been presented
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Motivation
Chronosequence approach: deciduous temperate
Gleixner et al., 2009
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Motivation
Age-class approach
Gleixner et al., 2009
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Motivation
Chronosequences suggest low C- storage rates
Repeated inventories result in much higher (>50 g m-2 yr-1) C-
storage rates
Examinations of soil C-storage in old forests are missing
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Motivation
Hypotheses:
1. The high net C sink in the core zone of the Hainich NP is a
consequence of historic impoverishment of soils
This leads to the following hypotheses
2. The proportion of humus respiration on ecosystem C uptake is low.
3. Carbon sequestration takes place by continuous growth of the soil
profile.
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Sites
Hainich NP
Iphofen
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Hainich NP
Geology:
-Loess on limestone
Soil type:
-(Chromic) Cambisols
Vegetation:
-Beech (180 yrs age)
Land use history:
-Litter use
-1960-1990 GDR Military training area
-1997 National park core zone
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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No C export
Hainich NP
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Rapid mineralization
Later summer (under ash)
Hainich NP
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Hainich NP
Ecosystem dynamics
Forest structure: old-growth forest, near-natural, all age classes
Extreme mull; rapide Mineralization
Close to „climax“, matter cycling in equilibrium
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Iphofen City Forest
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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18
Iphofen City Forest: 40- year rotation (Mittelwald) since 1418
Iphofen City Forest
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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1 yr
40 yrs
60 yrs
Iphofen City Forest
Iphofen City Forest
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Iphofen City Forest
Oak-Hornbeam-Forest
Triassic sand stone
Mesotrophic Cambisols
Loamy Sand
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Results Schmidt
Gleixner et al., 2009
Historic C-Export Hainich
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Soil C Efflux Hainich
Gleixner et al., 2009
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Mapping all trees Hainich
Jurasinski et al., 2012
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Semivariograms of soil CO2 efflux Hainich
Weak
Spatial
Auto-
correlation
Range-
9m
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Fine root model
Jurasinski et al., 2012
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Modeled fine root biomass
Jurasinski et al., 2012
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Model performance
Soil respiration at ash dominated measurement points vs. potential relative-fine-root-biomass
soil respiration at vegetation period 06-07 (Median) = 0,2671+0,0167*x
100 %
99,8 %
96,2 %
94,1 %
91,0 %
90,1 %
89,0 %
87,0 %
85,5 %
85,5 %
0 1 2 3
relative fine root biomass of ashes
0,24
0,26
0,28
0,30
0,32
0,34
0,36
0,38
0,40
0,42
0,44
0,46
0,48
0,50
Soil re
spira
tion [g
CO
2
m-2
h-1
]
r2 = 0,4051; r = 0,6364; p = 0,0479; y = 0,267145172 + 0,0167413068*x
Beech Ash
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Monthly model performance
Jurasinski et al., 2012
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Discussion model performance
1. Ash model performs better
2. Poor fit in July 2006 due to drought?
3. Fine root dynamics instead of fine root biomass?
Soil CO2 efflux is a fraction of total soil C turnover
4. Role of competition: Mixed stand instead of pure stand?
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Results Iphofen
Sampling
10 x 3 undisturbed 10 cm diameter cores
until lithic contact
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Results Iphofen
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 20 40 60 80
g C
m-2
Stand age (yrs)
a a b
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 20 40 60 80
b a b
g N
m-2
Stand age (yrs)
Year 0 - 40: 4.4 g C m-2 yr-1
Year 40 - 60: 73 g C m-2 yr-1
Carbon
Nitrogen
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Results Iphofen
• During Rotation: N- Accumulation
• Then: C- Accumulation
• Build-up of necromass and non-structural
carbohydrates? (Sun et al., 2004)
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Like this?
(altered, following Entry and Enningham, 1984)
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Results Iphofen
• Increased C-storage 40 -60 yrs following cut
• N-storage during rotation
• C/N ratio widens 40 -60 yrs following cut
• Rhizosphere controls C sequestration
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Model C- storage Iphofen
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Results Gleixner Hainich
165 g C m-2 a-1
in deep soil
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Results Gleixner Hainich
Low 14C- concentration of soil air
Fresh biomass CO2 source
Soil respiration coupled to biomass production
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Synthesis
• 165 g C m-2 a-1 C- storage in old-growth forest
• Source: Not limestone, not humus respiration
• Soil respiration coupled to C turnover
• Soil C sequestration driven by roots
• Long rotation period or discontinued forest use
should maximize C sequestration
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
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Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
My ideas of burning issues in Soil Science
kurier.at; September 17, 2014:
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Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
Research Initatives
So, what am I burning for?
Organic matter dynamics
• in alluvial and colluvial deposits
• in alpine humus rich soils
• Carbon cycling of Austrian peatlands
• The role of riparian systems on nutrient retention
• Carbon storage in old-growth forests
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Department of Geography and Regional
Research
Scientists at the Geoecology Lab:
Dr. Erich Inselsbacher Ecosystem Ecology
Univ.-Prof. Stephan Glatzel Ass.- Prof. Dr. Robert Peticzka
Soil Physics, Quaternary Research
Simon Drollinger Soil Geography
As.-Prof. Dr. Franz Holawe Climatology
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Department of Geography and Regional Research
Geoecology Lab:
Geoecology /Soils Teaching:
5 courses to applied field and lab methods (basics, applied
and advanced) with about 120 Students (up to 8
parallel courses)
Research:
• So far, specializing in soil physics / quaternary
research
• Now new developing focus on soil carbon research
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Department of Geography and Regional
Research
Teaching / Courses:
• Bachelor "Geographie" (Curriculum 2011)
• Master "Geographie", "Raumforschung und
Raumordnung", "Kartographie und Geoinformation"
(Curriculum 2007)
• Joint-Master-Studium "Urban Studies" (Euromaster in
Urban Studies) (Curriculum 2008)
• Lehramtsstudium –"Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde"
(Studienplan 2002)
• Diplomstudium "Geographie" (Studienplan 2002)
• Doktoratsstudium
• International Master „Environmental Sciences“
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Teaching Initatives
Priority 1: Promote soil knowledge and its scientific basis
in the Geography and Environmental Sciences Curricula
at the University of Vienna
Priority 2: Explore and exploit opportunities for
cooperation in teaching beyond UV`s Dept. of
Geography and Regional Research
I have different roles with potentially diverging interests, but
as a soil scientist
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Thank you for your attention!
Keynote ÖBG Glatzel Vienna, September 22, 2014
Profile visited
with an
undergraduate
Student
excursion
In July 2014