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Streams and Watersheds
Authors:Gene Surber, MSU ExtensionNatural Resources Specialist
Bob Ehrhart, Research Specialist,RWRP, Univ. of Montana
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IntroductionRiparian AreasUplandsWatersheds
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Importance of a Watershed
What happens in one part of the watershed – effects other partsRiparian areas – links between the uplands and the stream
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Stream Classification1st order stream
starter stream
2nd order streamtwo or more 1st order
3rd order streamtwo or more 2nd order
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Stream Classification, cont.
Perennial streamsIntermittent streamsEphemeral streams
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Stream Classification, cont.
Gaining stream
Losing stream
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Stream Classification, cont.
Channel Shape Method (Rosgen Classification)
SlopeSinuosityRatio (width to depth)EntrenchmentParticle size
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Streams Reflect the Landscape
Steep, mountainous channelWide floodplain
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Stream MechanicsStream hydrologyStream channels – “pipelines”
Average bankfull flowStable streams
Water/sediment IN = water/sediment OUT
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Stream Mechanics, cont.“Out of Balance”
Water and sediment load changes
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Stream Mechanics, cont.Energy = Mass x VelocityBiggest influence on a stream’s energy is speed
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EnergyFriction slows waterSediment is depositedNo vegetation versus vegetated banks
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Change is constantStreams are dynamicNatural versus man-made causes
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StabilityDynamic UnstableStable streams change, but remain in equilibrium Unstable streams are “out of balance”
Nature has a different time scale
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Stream InstabilityInstability:
Change in water flowElimination of streambank vegetationExcessive sediments
2 types:Lateral InstabilityVertical Instability
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Stream Instability, cont.Vertical InstabilityDowncutting
More difficult to control than lateral cutting
Influences BOTH upstream & downstream
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SummaryWhere we go from here…