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P
p
p= P P0
P0 101325
SA 1
SP
T
t
t= T T0 T0 273.15
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19
20
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1500
1
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200nmi
370
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100
135
700 000
2
3
30
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600
800
1200
2 1 0 1 21200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
depth
[m]
(a)
2 1 0 1 2
t [C]
(b)
2 1 0 1 2
(c)
2
1
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80S
78S
76S
74S
72S
70S
latitude
90W 100W 110W 120W 130W 140W 150W 160W 170W 180W
longitude
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
depth[m]
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Temperature[C]
250
600
33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0
SA [gkg1]
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
[C]
600 m
600 m
250 m
0 m
0 m
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11000
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12
150
864
1
8
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Lightmetal
Heavymetal
CeramicdisksElectricalconnections
Pre-pressboltw nut
96
18
6
Signal
+
t
L
t
L
= sin
c nt
L
n+ 1
25
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85
pitch
yaw heave
roll
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Av = 0.000 49f2e(t/27+z/17)
A1 = 106 f1f
2
f21 +f2 e( 8)/0.56
A2 = 0.52
1 + t
43
SP35
f2f
2
f22 +f2
ez/6
f
f1 = 0.78
SP/35 et/26
f2 = 42 e
t/17
101
100
101
102
103
frequency [kHz]
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
101
102
Coeff.
[dB/km]
Av
A1
A2
SP = 34.5 = 7.7 z = 0.5 t= 1
10
6< t
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5
288
6
12
12
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0.5
3
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250
1
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8
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3.4
700
t= 0
fTVG(z) = Xlog z+ 2 z+ C X C
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z= c
c
c = 1600
1
= 1900
3
c=
P
SA,
=gP
gTT
g2TP gTTgPP
SA g
gX
g
X
=
g
P
SA,t
1
R=z1 z2z1+z2
z1
z2
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= 12
2
100
t= 10
t= 100
2 1 0 1 2
t [C]
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
depth[m]
1440 1450 1460
c [ms1]
t c(t, SA, p)
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500
180
t
l0
l= l0+c t= l0+ z
l= l0
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2< SP
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g
g h T
g = g(SA, t , p)
g(SA, t , p) =gw(t, p) +gs(SA, t , p)
gs
0< SA < 42 1
6.0< t
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p= 0
h0
=h0
c0p
c0p 3991.86795711963 1 1
t90
t68
t68 = 1.000 24t90
p
P
P0
101325
p P P0
SA
1
SP
SA=SR+SA
SR=35.16504
35 SP
2< SP
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xi n
x
xT
xxT xxi
accuracy precision
=
1n 1ni=1
(xi x)2
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/
n
2 = 1
n
n
i=1
(xi
xT)2 =
1
n
n
i=1
(xi
x)2 + (x
xT)
2
xT
P1
x
P1(x; ) = 68.3
P1(x; 1.96 ) = 95
P1(x; 2 ) = 95.5
P1(x; 2.58 ) = 99
P1(x; 3 ) = 99.7
P2(x; 2.45 ) = 95
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100
20
+ 10
a2 + (b d)2
a= 1.0
b= 0.023d
5
20
x
y
x=xR
12
y =
RS2
2+c
4
2sin2 +
yD
12
2
z =
RS2
2+c
4
2cos2 +
yD tan
12
2
R RS c
D
x y
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10
0.1
1
4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
depth [m]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
z[m]
IHO
Kongsberg
IFREMER
95
z =
RScos
12
2+y2
1 + 2(np 2)S/N2(np 1)(np 2)S/N2
c
L(1 )cos 2
np=
Rytan(
s)
RS
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y
np
s
S/N
= 0.5
r = 0.5
=r/
12
1
5 35 0
7 0
0.001 0.0003 0.015
0.0002
0.0003
0.018
0.015
0.0002 0.000 04 0.001
1.4 32.5 2.6 6
0.000 16 0.000 05 0.3
6800
= 2 = 12
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ftp://moray.dms.usm.edu/Uncertainty%20Workshops/9-2010%20Quebec/6.2_KongsbergTechnicalNote_EMERRORS.pdfftp://moray.dms.usm.edu/Uncertainty%20Workshops/9-2010%20Quebec/6.2_KongsbergTechnicalNote_EMERRORS.pdfftp://moray.dms.usm.edu/Uncertainty%20Workshops/9-2010%20Quebec/6.2_KongsbergTechnicalNote_EMERRORS.pdfhttps://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/4001/Report%202_Abul%20Fahimuddin.pdf?sequence=4https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/4001/Report%202_Abul%20Fahimuddin.pdf?sequence=4http://www.kongsberg.com/ftp://ftp.geo.su.se/odendata/outgoing/cruisereports/OSO0910/OSO0910_cruisereport_fullRes.pdfftp://ftp.geo.su.se/odendata/outgoing/cruisereports/OSO0910/OSO0910_cruisereport_fullRes.pdf -
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5th
http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdfhttp://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdfhttp://www.teos-10.org/pubs/TEOS-10_Manual.pdfhttp://www.teos-10.org/pubs/TEOS-10_Manual.pdfhttp://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdfhttp://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdfhttp://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdfhttp://www.iapws.org/relguide/OceanLiquid.pdfhttp://www.iapws.org/relguide/seawater.pdfhttp://www.iapws.org/relguide/seawater.pdfhttp://www.km.kongsberg.com/ks/web/nokbg0397.nsf/0/F9980522E6621E89C1257085002C0BE7/$file/EM_technical_note_web_SoundLevelsFromKongsbergMultibeams.pdfhttp://www.km.kongsberg.com/ks/web/nokbg0397.nsf/0/F9980522E6621E89C1257085002C0BE7/$file/EM_technical_note_web_SoundLevelsFromKongsbergMultibeams.pdfhttp://www.km.kongsberg.com/ks/web/nokbg0397.nsf/0/F9980522E6621E89C1257085002C0BE7/$file/EM_technical_note_web_SoundLevelsFromKongsbergMultibeams.pdf -
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3
http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/UNESCO_tech/065031eb.pdfhttp://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/UNESCO_tech/065031eb.pdfhttp://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/UNESCO_tech/096989eb.pdfhttp://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/UNESCO_tech/096989eb.pdfhttp://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/UNESCO_tech/059832eb.pdfhttp://www.ocean.ukm.my/physical%20oceanography%20steward.pdfhttp://www.seabird.com/pdf_documents/manuals/9plus_015.pdfhttp://www.seabird.com/pdf_documents/manuals/9plus_015.pdfhttp://www.ocean-sci.net/8/161/2012/http://www.teos-10.org/pubs/TEOS-10_Primer.pdfhttp://www.teos-10.org/pubs/TEOS-10_Primer.pdfhttp://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/library/readings/gulf/gulf.htmllhttp://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/library/readings/gulf/gulf.htmllhttp://epic.awi.de/16808/1/Nit2007a.pdf -
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