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Suggested Update to RF Standards Related to
Wireless Communications
Bob CurtisApril 10, 2001
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What is Needed?Site-Specific RF Program
• Work site Safety and Health Programs should include an RF Program if significant exposures are possible.
• A priority, because S&H Programs can be very effective in preventing excessive exposures.
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Basic Requirements• Implement an RF program where
exposures exceed FCC “General Population” or Public limits (see following slides).
• The RF Program must ensure employee exposure does not exceed FCC “Occupational” limits.
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Extent of RF Program is Based on Exposure
• Locations are Categorized (I-V) based on potential exposures.
• Many RF exposure situations require no, or a limited RF Safety Program. (Categories I-II)
• More extensive program elements for higher exposure categories.
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Category I Areas• Locations where RF fields are too weak
to cause exposures greater than the FCC general population (public) limits.
• No dependence on controls, including time averaging.
• NO RF SAFETY PROGRAM NEEDED!!
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Category II Areas• Potential exposures are controlled to
ensure compliance with FCC Public limits.
• Must maintain controls, such as time averaging and shielding, to remain below public limits.
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Category III Areas
• Locations where RF fields are too weak to cause exposures greater than the FCC Occupational limits.
• No dependence on controls, including time averaging.
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Category IV Areas
• Potential exposures are controlled to ensure compliance with FCC Occupational limits.
• Must maintain controls, such as time averaging and shielding, to remain below Occupational limits.
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Category V Areas
• Exposure conditions which can not be controlled to comply with FCC Occupational limits.
• Includes surfaces which will cause serious RF burns if contacted.
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Summary Tables of Program Elements Needed
for Each Exposure Category
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Administrative
Policy NN Yes Yes Yes YesAccountable Person
NN Yes Yes Yes Yes
Documentation NN Yes, for incidents
Yes Yes Yes
Employee Involvement
NN No Opt. Yes Yes
RF Safety Committee
NN No Opt. Opt.
Opt.
Procurement of RF Source Equipment
NN Yes Yes Yes Yes
I II III IV V
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Identification of Potential Hazards
Inventory of RF Sources
NN Yes Yes Yes Yes
Exposure Assessment
NN Initial, + after change
Initial, + after change
Yes Yes
I II III IV V
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Controls/Engineering
Utilize low exposure Equip. & Site Configuration
NN Yes Yes Yes Yes
Access Restriction
NN Opt. Opt. Opt. Yes
Maintenance of Controls
NN Yes Yes Yes Yes
I II III IV V
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Controls/Administrative
Use of Signs
NN Yes Yes Yes Yes
Access Restriction
NN Opt. NN Opt. Yes
Work Practices
NN No Opt. Opt. Opt.
Control of Source Power (LOTO)
NN No No Opt. Opt.
I II III IV V
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Controls/Administrative (cont.)
Personal Monitors
NN No Opt. Opt.
No
Incident Response
NN Yes Yes Yes Yes
Medical Devices & Implants
Personal Respon-sibilty
Personal Respon-sibility
Yes, make aware
Yes Yes
Maintenance of Controls
NN Yes for Public
NN for work.
Yes Yes
I II III IV V
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Personal Protective Equipment
Selection of PPE
NN No No Opt. When used
Maintenance, Use, & Accessibility
NN No No When used
When used
I II III IV V
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Training
Explanation for RF Exposure Limits
NN NN Yes Yes Yes
Use & Maintenance of Controls
NN Yes, for RFSO
Yes Yes Yes
Recognizing Abnormal Conditions
NN Yes, for RFSO
Yes Yes Yes
Sources of Additional Information
NN Yes, for RFSO
Yes Yes Yes
I II III IV V
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Program Review
Adequacy of Present Program Design
NN Yes Yes Yes Yes
Implementation (Program in use?)
NN Yes Yes Yes Yes
I II III IV V
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Examples of the RF Safety Program Elements
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Core Program Elements
• Administrative• Identification of Potential Hazards• Controls
•Engineering•Administrative•Personal Protective Equipment
• Training• Program Review
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Administrative• Policy
•Management Commitment•Authority to enforce rules
• Accountable Persons•Assignment of Duties
• Documentation• Employee Involvement• RF Safety Committee• Procurement of RF Source Equipment
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Identification of Potential Hazards
• Inventory of RF Sources• Exposure Assessment
• To establish exposure categories.•To ensure controls are functioning.
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Hazard Assessment Options
• Direct Measurement• Indirect “Measurement” by
comparing to similar sites.• Model calculations
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Direct Measurement
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From Ric Tell
PPE and Direct
Measurement
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Assess bymodeling.
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Assess by comparison.
For example,cellularsare well
characterized.(See examples
at end)
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Controls/Engineering
• Utilize low exposure equipment & site configuration– Use good equipment– Control hazard areas– Limit exposures
• Access Restriction• Maintenance of Controls
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Controls/Administrative• Use of Signs• Access Restriction• Work Practices• Control of Power Source (LOTO)• Personal Monitors• Incident Response• Medical Devices and Implants• Maintenance of Controls
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Slides of Example Controls
• Lockout/Tag out • Personal alarm• Prevent access to hazardous
locations (Signs & Fences)• Administrative control program• Protective clothing
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Lock Out / Tag Out
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Lock Out / Tag Out Offers Protection for Workers on Tower
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Personal Alarm
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Cooperative RF Program for Shared
Tower
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Cooperative RF Program for Multiple
Broadcasters
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Fence to Limit Access
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RF Protective Suits
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PPE Must Be Tested for Application
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From Ric Tell
PPE Must Be Inspected & Maintained
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Example Application of Signs Based on
Exposure Category
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Sign at entrance to next exposure Category.
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Notice for Public required by FCC.
Sign posted at boundary between Category I & II.
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Optional Notice of Worker-based RF Control Program. Posted at access points into Category III.
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Caution workers to use Controls
Posted at access points into Category IV locations.
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Alert to objects which may cause RF shock if contacted without PPE.
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Alert to objects which will cause RF Burns if contacted without PPE
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Posted to mark prohibited access into Category V without power-down or PPE.
Note: Wrong symbol.
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Posted to mark prohibited access without power-down.
PPE is not sufficient.
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Alert to objects which will cause severe RF Burns if contacted.
PPE may not be sufficient.
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RF Personal Protective Equipment
• If PPE is utilized, a PPE Program must ensure its effectiveness, including proper:
• Selection of RF PPE within tested capabilities.• Accessibility, Use, & Maintenance.
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Training: What to Teach• Location of sources and potentially
hazardous areas.• Health effects and safety standards.• Extent of exposures compared to
standards and common sources.• Required SOP’s and controls.• Emergency procedures.• How to know when things are
“abnormal”.• Optional controls employees may use.
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Program Review
• Adequacy of Program Design• Program Implementation
•Interview employees– What are the hazards and controls?– What steps have been taken to
enforce the rules?•Determine what to change, add,
and delete.
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Possible Non-Mandatory Appendices
• Example RF Safety Program for a communications company which routinely services/installs antennas on rooftops.
• Appendices concerning PPE and signage
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Example Applications
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Category I Locations
• Most people, including workers, are in Category I locations.
• Therefore, most locations do not need an RF Safety Program.
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Receiving Antenna or Dish
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Anti-Theft Device
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Computer Work Station
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Wireless Local AreaNetwork
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Inside Office Building
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RF Exposure Location with Multiple Categories
(2 slides)
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Exposure Locations
Broken wave guideV
Between emitter and focal pointIV
On satellite dishIII
Inside fenceII
Outside the fenceI
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Cell Tower
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,
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Miscellaneous Slides
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Draft Host Employer’s Responsibilities
• Provide information about hazards, controls, safety and health rules, and emergency procedures to all employers at the workplace
• Ensure that safety and health responsibilities are assigned as appropriate to other employers at the workplace.
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Draft Contract Employer’s Responsibilities
• Ensure that the host employer is aware of the hazards associated with the contract employer’s work and what the contract employer is doing to address them
• Advise the host employer of any previously unidentified hazards that the contact employer identifies at the workplace.
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Hazcom Program should exist for “Uncommonly High” Fields, such as:
>50 mG whole body ELF>Uncontrolled limits of FCC
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Applicable OSHA Standards• 23 States have their own OSHA Standards
– Standards must be at least as strict as Feds– Most copy Federal standards &
interpretations– Some require a Safety and Health Program
• 1910.97 - Non-Ionizing Radiation– 10 mW/sq.cm, 6 min. average, 10M-100GHz– No spatial averaging – Uses voluntary language of 1966 ANSI– Mandates look of RF Sign
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Applicable OSHA Standards (cont.)• 1910.268 - Telecommunication Industry
– Primarily safety requirements, such as electrical
– Mandates 1910.97 compliance for 1-300 GHz– Describes “Tagout” of antenna 3-300 MHz
• 1926.54, 20 - Construction Industry– Includes tower erection, repairs and painting– Limits MW to 10 mW/sq.cm. (no averaging)– Requires Programs to provide safe work to
employees and contractors; includes inspection
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Applicable OSHA Standards (cont.)
• 1910.147 - Lockout/Tagout of Power– Requires lockout or tagout of power during
maintenance to prevent excessive exposures
• 1910.132 - Personal Protective Equipment– Requires hazard assessment to select
appropriate PPE– Interpretation letter addresses RF Clothing
• 1910.145, 1926.200 - Signs and Tags– Use signs to warn of hazards
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Applicable OSHA Standards (cont.)• 1904 - Record Keeping
– Log of injuries and illnesses, accidents
• 1910.1020 - Access to Employee Exposure
and Medical Records
• Section 5(a)(1) of OSH Act– Requires a safe and healthful workplace
free of recognized serious hazards
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Obviously Outdated• Exposure Limit is from 1966 ANSI
– Not frequency dependent– Does not address induced current
limits• Incomplete on Hazard
Communication– Describes RF Sign but not where to
use it– One Warning sign for all conditions
• Incomplete on RF Safety Program Elements
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Policy Issues• “Action” Level at FCC or 50% of
Maximum