Download - SUMMER INTERNSHIP
SUMMER INTERNSHIP-2015
ALL INDIA RADIO (AIR)
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SDM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
DHARWAD-02
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
SUBMITTED BY : J KISHOR
USN : 2SD12EE021
Emial : [email protected]
Mob : 9742054779
SDM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, DHARWAD-580002
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the internship work carried out by J.KISHOR at ALL INDIA
RADIO (AIR) adds value for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering of S.D.M. College of Engineering and Technology under VTU,
Belgaum during year 2015.
Ravi S.Honnalli Prof. G D Kamalapur Dr. S B Vanakudre
( Assistant Engineer (Head of Department) (Principal)
AIR )
ACKNOWLEGDGEMENT
The internship opportunity I had with ALL INDIA RADIO was a great chance for
learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual
as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance
to meet so many wonderful people and professionals who led me though this internship period.
Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude
and special thanks to Ravi S Honnalli who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with his duties,
took time out to hear and guide me.
Also I like to sincerely thank the staff of AIR, Dharwad for their kind help and support
in every phase of our internship.
I would also like to sincerely thank our beloved H.O.D Prof. G D Kamalapur, Electrical
and Electronics Department, SDMCET Dharwad for his support and encouragement.
I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive
to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on
their improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives.
J Kishor
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
1.2 SPECTRUM
1.3 TECHNOLOGIES USED IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
1.4 SIGNAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES
2. EQUIPMENTS IN AIR
2.1 MICROPHONES
2.2 STUDIO
2.3 SOFTWARES
2.4 AM TRANSMITER
2.5 FM TRANSMITTER
2.6 ANTENNAS
3. SATELLITE BROADCASTING
4. MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS
5. SWITCHGEARS
6. POWERSUPPLY
7. POWER DISTRIBUTION
8. BACKUP POWERSUPPLY
INTRODUCTION
SACFA (Standing Advisory Committee of Frequency Allocation)
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
CCIR (Consultative Committee for International Radio)
The above are the international institutions meant for communication, any broadcasters have
to satisfy their rules in order to get permission for the broadcast of their respective programme.
They will be allotted with particular frequency band and continuously monitored ensuring no
overlapping with the other allotted bands.
ABOUT ALL INDIA RADIO (AIR)
AIR is allotted with 1140MHz
It is the National public broadcaster
Doddaballapur is the biggest shortwave transmission station in Asia
99% of India’s population is covered by AIR
Around 500 Transmitters
Major stations: Bangalore &
Dharwad: 2 transmitter of 100KW each covering 10-12 district (uttara Karnataka)
By 2017 Analog communication will be replaced by Digital communication.
EQUIPMENTS
1. MICROPHONE
TYPES: Dynamic, Ribbon , Electrostatic/Condenser ,
FEATURES
CHARACTERICTICS: Free response, Directivity, Sensitivity.
FIELD USAGE
2. STUDIO
Acoustic Treatment: Propagation of Sound Waves, Reverberation time, Acoustic observers
TYPES: Drama, Talk, Music, Playback, Vivid Bharathi, control room
Console
MODULATION
Types of Modulation
In general, there are three types of modulation:
a) Amplitude Modulation b) Angle Modulation c) Pulse Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
If the amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the
modulating signal (information), it is called amplitude modulation. This modulation has
been shown in figure 1. We can see this on the screen of oscilloscope.
If the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the
modulating signal (information), it is called frequency modulation. This has been
shown in figure 9.
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION:
Satellite Transponder
As shown in above figure, the uplinked signal (6 GHz) at satellite is received, amplified
and down converted to 4 GHz band and sent back through filter and power amplifier
(TWT). The local oscillator frequency of down converter is 2225 MHz for C band and
Ex-C band transponders.
POWER CONSUMPTION
125KVA By Studio
450 KVA By Transmitters
On an average AIR Dharwad pays 10Lakh per month for Power
They have power factor corrective measures to ensure unity power factor throughout
the time.
POWER BACKUP
AIR Dharwad has one 6.2KVA diesel generator
HT VCB PANELS
Capacity: 11KV, 250MVA, 200A
Insulation: 28KV
PT RATIO: 11KV/110KV CT RATIO: 25/5.5
LT PANEL
CONCLUSION
Overall I had a fascinating experience. I feel extremely fortunate that I had this opportunity.
The internship at AIR provided interesting insight of Radio Studios and Broadcasting
equipment, Hard Disk Based Recording, Live broadcasting, Modulation/Demodulation
Techniques, FM/AM Transmitters and Satellite Broadcasting.