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Surface Erosion and ControlSurface Erosion and Control
Ali Fares, PhD
Watershed Hydrology, NREM662
UHM-CTAHR-NREM
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Ia is all losses before runoff begins it includes:– water retained in surface
depressions,– Water interception by
vegetation– Evaporation and
infiltration.
Ia was found to follow: Ia = 0.2*S
S)(P
S)(PQ
2
*8.0
*2.0
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Potential Maximum RetentionPotential Maximum Retention
S is related to the soil cover conditions of the watershed through the CN.
CN has a range of 0 to 100
10CN
1000S
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Soil ErosionSoil Erosion
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What’s soil erosion?What’s soil erosion?
Erosion is the process of detachment and transport of soil particles by erosive agents (Ellison, 1944)
Erosion is a natural geologic process
WATER EROSION WIND EROSION TILLAGE TRANSLOCATION
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SOIL EROSION IS GLOBAL SOIL EROSION IS GLOBAL PROBLEMPROBLEM
1/3 WORLD’S ARABLE LAND LOST SINCE 1950 MOST IN ASIA, AFRICA, S. AMERICA
13-18 t/a/yr 30% OF US FARMLAND ABANDONED
EROSIONSALINIZATIONWATER-LOGGING
90% OF US CROPLAND LOSING SOIL FASTER THAN IT IS REPLACED>1 t/a/yr
PIMENTEL ET AL., 1995
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SIGNIFICANT SOIL LOSS IN THE USA
WATER3.5 X 109 T/yr
WIND1.5 X 109 T/yr
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WIND EROSIONWIND EROSION
WIND
CREEP
SUSPENSION
SALTATION
SALTATION DETACHES PARTICLES SMALLER PARTICLES SUSPENDED LARGER PARTICLES CREEP SANDY AND SILTY SOILS MOST SUSCEPTIBLE SOIL ACCUMULATION IN DITCHES AND FENCE ROWS
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WIND EROSION CAN BE SIGNIFICANT
Near Mitchell, SD
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Dust bowl Dust bowl 1931-1939 there was a
drought called the “dust bowl”. It caused huge dust storms to erupt that destructed billions of acres of farm land.
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stormsstorms
In the first year of the drought there were 14 storms reported and the second year there were 38 storms. It was getting worse.
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Ruined landRuined landTons of damage
was done to every ones land and it costs billions of dollars to repair the damages.
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Black SundayBlack SundayApril 14th,1934
black Sunday was the worst blizzard of the dustbowl which caused the most extensive damage.
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REDUCING WIND EROSIONREDUCING WIND EROSION
MAINTAIN SURFACE COVERCROP RESIDUECOVER CROPS
INCREASE STUBBLE HEIGHT INSTALL WINDBREAKS
EFFECTIVE 15x HEIGHT IRRIGATE STRIP CROPS PERPENDICULAR TO
PREVAILING WIND
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The Shelterbelt ProgramThe Shelterbelt Program
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WATER EROSION WATER EROSION PROCESSPROCESS
BEGINS WITH RAINDROPS STRIKING BARE SOIL DISLODGING PARTICLES
INTENSE RAINS SEAL SURFACE WHEN RAINFALL EXCEEDS
INFILTRATION WATER IS STORED IN SMALL DEPRESSIONS
ONCE DEPRESSIONS ARE FILLED, RUNOFF BEGINS
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WATER EROSIONWATER EROSION PROCESSPROCESSInitially water flows in a discontinuous
sheetEventually it concentrates into small
channels or rills. The runoff now has energy to break off particles and cut deeper
The amount of erosion caused by sheet and rill erosion increases with slope and distance
Rills may eventually form gullies
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THE SOIL WATER EROSION THE SOIL WATER EROSION PROCESSPROCESS
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EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITYQUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY
LOSS OF OM, CLAY, AND NUTRIENTS REDUCES PRODUCTIVITY
DAMAGE TO PLANTS
FORMATION OF RILLS AND GULLIES AFFECTS MANAGEMENT
SEDIMENTATION IN WATERWAYS, DIVERSIONS, TERRACES, DITCHES
DELIVERY OF NUTRIENTS TO SURFACE WATER