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Surficial Geology
SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF MAINE
S urficial geologic mapping of th e W aterville quadrangle w as conducted byTh omas K. W eddle and S ydney D. Eckert during th e 2015 field season. Fundingfor th is w ork w as provided by th e U. S. Geological S urvey STATEMAP programand th e Maine Geological S urvey, Department of Agriculture, Conservation andForestry.
SOURCES OF MAP INFORMATION
Waterville Quadrangle, Maine
Open-File No. 16-82016
Digital cartography byAmber T. H. Whittaker State Geologist
Robert G. Marvinney Cartographic design byChristian H. Halsted
Surficial geologic mapping byThomas K. Weddle and Sydney D. Eckert
Address: 93 State House Station, Augusta, Maine 04333Telephone: 207-287-2801 E-mail: [email protected] page: www.maine.gov/dacf/mgs/
Maine Geological Survey
1 0 10.5 Mile
1 0 10.5 Kilometer
1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000FeetMaine
Hinckley Clinton
W aterville Fairfield
Belgrade
Norridgew ock
R ome
V assalboro Ch inaL ake
CONTOUR INTER V AL 10 FEET
___Continental glaciers like th e ice sh eet now covering Antarcticaprobably extended across Maine several times during th e PleistoceneEpoch , betw een about 2.5 million and 11,700 years ago. Th e slow -moving ice superficially ch anged th e landscape as it scraped overmountains and valleys (Figure 1), eroding and transporting bouldersand oth er rock debris for miles (Figure 2). Th e sediments th at covermuch of Maine are largely th e product of glaciation. Glacial icedeposited some of th ese materials, w h ile oth ers w ash ed into th e sea oraccumulated in meltw ater streams and lakes as th e ice receded. Earlierstream patterns w ere disrupted, creating h undreds of ponds and lakesacross th e state. Th e map at left sh ow s th e pattern of glacial sedimentsin th is quadrangle.___Th e most recent "Ice Age" in Maine began about 30,000 years ago,w h en an ice sh eet spread south w ard over New England (S tone andBorns, 1986). During its peak, th e ice w as several th ousand feet th ickand covered th e h igh est mountains in th e state. Th e w eigh t of th is h ugeglacier actually caused th e land surface to sink h undreds of feet. R ockdebris frozen into th e base of th e glacier abraded th e bedrock surfaceover w h ich th e ice flow ed. Th e grooves and fine scratch es (striations)resulting from th is scraping process are often seen on fresh ly exposedbedrock, and th ey are important indicators of th e direction of icemovement (Figure 3). Erosion and sediment deposition by th e icesh eet combined to give a streamlined sh ape to many h ills, w ith th eirlong dimension parallel to th e direction of ice flow . S ome of th ese h ills(drumlins) are composed of dense glacial sediment (till) plasteredunder great pressure beneath th e ice.___A w arming climate forced th e ice sh eet to start receding as early as21,000 calendar years ago, soon after it reach ed its south ernmostposition on Long Island (R idge, 2004). Th e edge of th e glacierw ith drew from th e continental sh elf east of L ong Island and reach edth e present position of th e Maine coast by about 16,000 years ago(Borns and oth ers, 2004). Even th ough th e w eigh t of th e ice w asremoved from th e land surface, th e Earth 's crust did not immediatelyspring back to its normal level. As a result, th e sea flooded much ofsouth ern Maine as th e glacier retreated to th e north w est. Ocean w atersextended far up th e Kennebec and Penobscot valleys, reach ing presentelevations of up to 420 feet in th e central part of th e state.___Great quantities of sediment w ash ed out of th e melting ice and intoth e sea, w h ich w as in contact w ith th e receding glacier margin. S andand gravel accumulated as deltas (Figure 4) and submarine fans w h erestreams disch arged along th e ice front, w h ile th e finer silt and claydispersed across th e ocean floor. Th e sh ells of clams, mussels, andoth er invertebrates are found in th e glacial-marine clay th at blanketslow land areas of south ern Maine. Ages of th ese fossils tell us th atocean w aters covered parts of Maine until about 13,000 years ago. Th eland rebounded as th e w eigh t of th e ice sh eet w as removed, forcing th esea to retreat.
___Meltw ater streams deposited sand and gravel in tunnels w ith in th eice. Th ese deposits remained as ridges (eskers) w h en th e surroundingice disappeared (Figure 5). Maine's esker systems can be traced for upto 100 miles, and are among th e longest in th e country.___Oth er sand and gravel deposits formed as mounds (kames) andterraces adjacent to melting ice, or as outw ash in valleys in front of th eglacier. Many of th ese w ater-laid deposits are w ell layered, in contrastto th e ch aotic mixture of boulders and sediment of all sizes (till) th atw as released from dirty ice w ith out subsequent rew orking. R idgesconsisting of till or w ash ed sediments (moraines) w ere constructedalong th e ice margin in places w h ere th e glacier w as still activelyflow ing and conveying rock debris to its terminus. Moraine ridges areabundant in th e zone of former marine submergence, w h ere th ey areuseful indicators of th e pattern of ice retreat (Figure 6).___Th e last remnants of glacial ice probably w ere gone from Maine by12,000 years ago. L arge sand dunes accumulated in late-glacial time asw inds picked up outw ash sand and blew it onto th e east sides of rivervalleys, such as th e Androscoggin and S aco valleys (Figure 7). Th emodern stream netw ork became establish ed soon after deglaciation,and organic deposits began to form in peat bogs, marsh es, and sw amps.Tundra vegetation bordering th e ice sh eet w as replaced by ch angingforest communities as th e climate w armed (Davis and Jacobson, 1985).Geologic processes are by no means dormant today, h ow ever, sincerivers and w ave action modify th e land (Figure 8), and w orldw ide sealevel is gradually rising against Maine's coast.
References
Borns, H. W ., Jr., Doner, L. A., Dorion, C. C., Jacobson, G. L., Jr.,Kaplan, M. R ., Kreutz, K. J., L ow ell, T. V ., Th ompson, W . B., andW eddle, T. K., 2004, Th e deglaciation of Maine, U.S .A.,in Ehlers, J.,and Gibbard, P. L., eds., Q uaternary Glaciations – Extent andCh ronology, Part II: North America: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 89-109.Davis, R . B., and Jacobson, G. L., Jr., 1985, L ate-glacial and earlyHolocene landscapes in north ern New England and adjacent areas ofCanada: Q uaternary R esearch, v. 23, p. 341-368.
R idge, J. C., 2004, Th e Q uaternary glaciation of w estern New Englandw ith correlations to surrounding areas,in Ehlers, J., and Gibbard, P. L.,eds., Q uaternary Glaciations – Extent and Ch ronology, Part II: NorthAmerica: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 169-199.
S tone, B. D., and Borns, H. W ., Jr., 1986, Pleistocene glacial andinterglacial stratigraph y of New England, Long Island, and adjacentGeorges Bank and Gulf of Maine, in S ibrava, V ., Bow en, D. Q ., andR ich mond, G. M. (editors), Q uaternary glaciations in th e north ernh emisph ere: Q uaternary S cience R eview s, v. 5, p. 39-52.
1:24,000SCALE Base map features from Maine Office of GIS - 1:24,000 USGS contourlines, E911 roads, 1:24,000 National Hydrograph y Dataset, USGSGNIS placenames and 1:24,000 political boundaries. Map projectionUniversal Transverse Mercator, North American Datum, 1927.Th e use of industry, firm, or local government names on th is map is forlocation purposes only and does not impute responsibility for anypresent or potential effects on th e natural resources.
Approximate MeanDeclination, 201516.5o W (not to scale)
True North
Magnetic North
Funding for the preparation of this map was provided in part by the U.S. Geological SurveySTATEMAP Program, Cooperative Agreement No. G15AC00181.
Figure 7: S and dune in W ayne. Th is and oth er "deserts" in Maineformed as w indstorms in late-glacial time blew sand out of valleys,often depositing it as dune fields on h illsides dow nw ind. S ome dunesw ere reactivated in h istorical time w h en grazing animals stripped th evegetation cover.
Figure 8: S ongo R iver delta and S ongo Beach , S ebago L ake S tatePark, Naples. Th ese deposits are typical of geological features formedin Maine since th e Ice Age.
Figure 5: Esker cutting across Kezar Five Ponds, W aterford. Th eridge consists of sand and gravel deposited by meltw ater flow ing in atunnel beneath glacial ice.
Figure 6: Aerial view of moraine ridges in blueberry field, S edgw ick(note dirt road in upper righ t for scale). Each bouldery ridge marks aposition of th e retreating glacier margin. Th e ice receded from righ t toleft.
Figure 3: Granite ledge in W estbrook, sh ow ing polish ed and groovedsurface resulting from glacial abrasion. Th e grooves and sh ape of th eledge indicate ice flow tow ard th e south east.
Figure 4: Glaciomarine delta in Franklin, formed by sand and gravelw ash ing into th e ocean from th e glacier margin. Th e flat delta topmarks approximate former sea level. Kettle h ole in foreground w as leftby melting of ice.
Figure 1: "Th e Bubbles" and Jordan Pond in Acadia National Park.Th ese h ills and valleys w ere sculpted by glacial erosion. Th e pond w asdammed beh ind a moraine ridge during retreat of th e ice sh eet.
Figure 2: Daggett's R ock in Ph illips. Th is is th e largest know nglacially transported boulder in Maine. It is about 100 feet long andestimated to w eigh 8,000 tons.
Note: Th e first letter of each map unit indicates th e general age of th e unit:H= Holocene (postglacial deposit; formed during th e last 11,700 years).Q= Q uaternary (deposit of uncertain age; usually late-glacial and/or postglacial).P = Pleistocene (deposit formed during glacial to late-glacial time, prior to 11,700 yr B.P. [years beforepresent]).
Artificial fill - V ariable mixtures of earth , rock, and/or man-made materials used as fill forroads. Usually sh ow n only w h ere large enough to affect th e contour pattern on th e topograph icmap.
af
Presumpscot Formation - Glaciomarine silt, clay, and sand deposited on th e late-glacial seafloor. Th is map unit commonly overlies th e irregular surface of glacial till in a complexmanner, so it is likely to include areas of till exposed at th e ground surface.
Pp
Stream alluvium - S and, gravel, and silt deposited on flood plains. May include organicw etland deposits or underlie some of th e mapped w etland areas along streams.Ha
Stream terrace - Fluvially deposited sand, silt, gravel, and occasional muck on terraces cutinto glacial deposits.Hst
Wetland deposits - Peat, muck, silt, and clay in poorly drained areas. Map unit may alsoinclude some alluvial sediments along stream valleys.Hw
USES OF SURFICIAL GEOLOGY MAPS___A surficial geology map sh ow s all th e loose materials such as till (commonly called h ardpan), sandand gravel, or clay, w h ich overlie solid ledge (bedrock). Bedrock outcrops and areas of abundantbedrock outcrops are sh ow n on th e map, but varieties of th e bedrock are not distinguish ed (refer tobedrock geology map). Most of th e surficial materials are deposits formed by glacial and deglacialprocesses during th e last stage of continental glaciation, w h ich began about 25,000 years ago. Th eremainder of th e surficial deposits are th e products of postglacial geologic processes, such as riverfloodplains, or are attributed to h uman activity, such as fill or oth er land-modifying features.___Th e map sh ow s th e areal distribution of th e different types of glacial features, deposits, andlandforms as described in th e map explanation. Features such as striations and moraines can be used toreconstruct th e movement and position of th e glacier and its margin, especially as th e ice sh eet melted.Oth er ancient features include sh orelines and deposits of glacial lakes or th e glacial sea, now long gonefrom th e state. Th is glacial geologic h istory of th e quadrangle is useful to th e larger understanding ofpast earth climate, and h ow our region of th e w orld underw ent recent geologically significant climaticand environmental ch anges. W e may th en be able to use th is know ledge in anticipation of future similarch anges for long-term planning efforts, such as coastal development or w aste disposal.___S urficial geology maps are often best used in conjunction w ith related maps such as surficialmaterials maps or significant sand and gravel aquifer maps for anyone w anting to know w h at liesbeneath th e land surface. For example, th ese maps may aid in th e search for w ater supplies, oreconomically important deposits such as sand and gravel for aggregate or clay for bricks or pottery.Environmental issues such as th e location of a suitable landfill site or th e possible spread ofcontaminants are directly related to surficial geology. Construction projects such as locating new roads,excavating foundations, or siting new h omes may be better planned w ith a good know ledge of th esurficial geology of th e site.
Andersen, B. G., 1973, R eport on Q uaternary field mapping in th e W aldoboro area: unpublish edreconnaissance field maps and h andw ritten report, arch ived at th e Maine Geological S urvey.Jong, R . S., 1980, Small push moraines in central coastal Maine: M. S. th esis, Oh io University, 75 p.
REFERENCES
W eddle, Th omas K., 2016, S urficial materials of th e W aterville 7.5' quadrangle, Maine: MaineGeological S urvey, Open-File Map 16-7, scale 1:24,000.
Neil, Craig D. (compiler), Locke, Daniel B. (mapper), 2000, S ignificant sand and gravel aquifers in th eW aterville quadrangle, Maine: Maine Geological S urvey, Open-File Map 00-30, scale 1:24,000.
Th ompson, W oodrow B., 2015, S urficial geology h andbook for south ern Maine: Maine GeologicalS urvey, Bulletin 44, 97 p.
Th ompson, W . B., and Borns, H. W ., Jr., 1985, S urficial geologic map of Maine: Maine GeologicalS urvey, scale 1:500,000.
SOURCES OF RELATED INFORMATION
Axis of esker - Alignment of symbols sh ow s trend of esker. Ch evrons point in direction offormer glacial meltw ater flow .
> > > > >
Contact - Boundary betw een map units. Most contacts are approximately located andth erefore indicated by dash ed lines.
Former marine shoreline - S ubtle erosional scarp parallel to contours below th e marine limit,formed by sh oreline erosion during falling sea level. Interpreted from lidar imagery.
Marine limit - Approximate elevation of h igh stand of sea level at approximately 13,000 yearsbefore th e present.
Disturbed earth- Areas w h ere original topograph y h as been altered by excavation.
Glacial striation- Arrow sh ow s ice-flow direction(s) inferred from striations on bedrock. Dotmarks point of observation. Number is azimuth (in degrees) of flow direction. At site w h eretw o sets of striations are present and relative ages could be determined, th e flagged arrowindicates th e older flow direction.
115
135180
Esker deposits - R idges of sand and gravel deposited by glacial meltw ater streams insubglacial tunnels. Borrow pit symbols indicate depletion of th e esker system deposit.Pge
Till - Loose to very compact, poorly sorted, massive to w eakly stratified mixture of sand, silt,and gravel-size rock debris deposited by glacial ice. Locally includes lenses of w aterlaid sandand gravel.
Pt
Thin drift - Areas w ith ruled pattern indicate areas w h ere outcrops are common and/orsurficial sediments are generally less th an 10 feet th ick (mapped partly from aerial ph otos).
Fluted landform - Narrow ridge sh aped by flow of glacial ice. S ymbol indicates length anddirection of th e ridge crest.
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Borrow pit, active
Borrow pit, inactive
