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Suspension feeders-sift small food particles through water
Clams oystersbaleen whales
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Substrate-feeders-live in or on their food
Caterpillars, worms
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Fluid-feedersmay be parasites that live on the fluid of other organisms
-aphids (on phloem sap of plants)-mosquitoes (on blood of mammals)
May not be parasites-hummingbirds and insects on nectar
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Bulk-feeders-eat large quantity of food-most animals
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Digestion occurs in specialized compartments
The simplest is the gastrovascular cavity
No anusWastes leave via the mouth
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Crop -moisten & store
Gizzard-grind
Intestine/ceca-absorb
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Oral cavity
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Bulk-feeders-eat large quantity of food-most animals
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Human Digestive System
• True digestive structures vs. accessory structures
• Mechanical digestion vs. chemical digestion
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Digestion begins in the oral cavity:chewing (mechanical digestion) and addition of saliva to food to form a bolus
Salivary amylase digests starch and glycogen (chemical digestion)Antibacterial agents
pharynx
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Involuntary contractions of smooth muscle surrounding the digestive tract propels food
Occurs in esophagus and the intestines
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Stomach structuresecrete pepsinogen.
secrete HCl
HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsinAn adaptation which prevents stomach from digesting itself
Mucus cells secrete mucus-lubricates and protects stomach
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Helicobacter pylori
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Bile emulsifies fat Physically breaks up fat globules
Made in Liver Stored in gall bladder
Including bicarbonate
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Pancreatic enzymes(released into the duodenum via
a duct)
• Trypsin (protein digestion)
• Pancreatic amylase (glycogen/starch)
• Lipase (fats)
• Nucleases (nucleic acids)
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Intestinal enzymes(from wall of small intestine)
• Disaccharidases (maltase, sucrase, lactase)
• Dipeptidases
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Anatomy of the small intestine
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LACTEAL-part of lymphatic system
-contains fluid called lymph-collects components of fat digestion-will eventually empty into blood vessels
Blood vessels-absorbs amino acids-absorbs monosaccharides-takes nutrient rich blood to liver
Villi
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Hepatic Portal system
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Largeintestine(colon)
Endof smallintestine
AppendixCecum
Unabsorbedfood material
Anus
Rectum
Smallintestine
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Cecum is blind pouch at the intersection of the small and large intestinesIn humans it is a vestigial organ called the ????
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Fig. 21-13a
Small intestine
Cecum
Stomach
Colon(large intestine)
Carnivore Herbivore