Download - Sustainability and Safety in Tunnels
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Sustainability and Safety in TunnelsDr Fathi Tarada
Mosen Ltd
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Motivation
• Tunnel ventilation and lighting can consume substantial power, as well as requiring expensive structural space.
• Is this consistent with sustainability?
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Agenda
1. Sustainability concepts
2. Tunnel life cycle
3. Tunnel ventilation requirements
4. Tunnel lighting requirements
5. Technical innovations
6. Unnecessary installations
7. Future sustainability
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1. Sustainability Concepts
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Brundtland Report to UN, 1987
Sustainable development = “the kind of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
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The Three Pillars of Sustainability
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2. Tunnel life cycle
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Tunnel Project Phases
(3-10 years)
(2-3 years)
(5-20 years)
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Tunnel Life-Cycle
Building
phase
Accumulated cost
Influence on cost
Planning
phase
Operation phase
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3. Tunnel ventilation requirements
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Is tunnel ventilation required?
• Short tunnels:
– ≤ 500m (EU Directive on Road Tunnel Safety)
– < 300m (NFPA 502 road tunnels)
– < 300m (NFPA 130 rail tunnels)
• Natural air movements due to meteorological effects
• Piston effect of moving traffic
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Long tunnels
Mechanical tunnel ventilation depends on:
• Tunnel length
• Vertical gradient
• Traffic flow
• Vehicle mix
• Number of lanes
• Risk of fires
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Piston Effect
• Many road tunnels less than 3km do not require any mechanical ventilation to preserve air quality
• Possible exception of rush-hour traffic
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Mersey Kingsway and Queensway Tunnels
Queensway: bidirectional traffic, single bore, 3.24 km
Kingsway: unidirectional traffic, two bores, 2.4 km
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Use of Piston Effect
• Substantial savings in Queensway and Kingsway Tunnels by switching off mechanical ventilation
• Tidal flow in Queensway Tunnel during rush hours
• Air quality maintained by piston effect
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Smoke Ventilation
• Life safety: compliance to codes or via risk assessment
• Determining criterion for mechanical ventilation is smoke control, not air quality
• Reduce power consumption by switching on all available fans at lower speed, and by including “redundant” fans in operating cycle
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External Air Quality
• Tunnels do not create any emissions –rather, they contain and redirect emissions to outlet portals and ventilation stacks.
• The discharge of vitiated air can impact on the health of residents living close to the exit portals.
• Polluted air can be extracted up through exhaust stacks and dispersed.
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Exit Portal Stack
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Power Consumption for “Zero Portal Emissions” (Australia)
The M5 East ventilation system energy use is equivalent to that of 7,400 households – is that sustainable?
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Improved Power Consumption
• Trials involving switching off the portal extract systems for the CityLink and Lane Cove Tunnels overnight and during low traffic conditions have been undertaken.
• Little impact on the ambient air quality levels reported.
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4. Tunnel lighting requirements
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Tunnel Lighting
• Dominant source of power consumption for short tunnels (up to 1 km long)
• Important for driver visibility
• Essential for evacuation and emergency services in case of emergencies
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Tunnel Lighting Zones
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Opportunities for Energy Savings
1. Lighting stages management (dimming)
2. Closer to to CIE 88 curve
3. Adjust lighting levels to traffic speed
4. Control systems
5. LED technology
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Typical Energy Savings
• Compared to high-pressure sodium luminaires in entrance zone + fluorescent lamps
• Hybrid installations: 15 to 20% savings
• 100% LED installations: 20 to 25% savings
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5. Technical innovations
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Low-Speed Fans
• Large diameter (3-5 m)
• Low speeds (less than 200 rpm)
• No sound attenuation required
• 75% reduction in power consumption
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Spier Tunnel, Switzerland
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Low-Speed Fans - Drawbacks
• Less static pressure generated
• More susceptible to piston & wind effects
• No operational experience
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MoJet
• Energy-efficient jetfan
• Uses shaped nozzles to reduce the Coanda effect
• Up to 25% increase in energy efficiency
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Conventional Jetfan
Jet sticks to tunnel soffit and wall, creating friction and losing thrust
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MoJet
Jet turned away from tunnel soffit and wall, reducing friction and enhancing thrust
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MoJet Installations
• Grimstad Port Tunnel, Norway
• Byfjord Tunnel, Norway
• Mastrafjord Tunnel, Norway
• Hvidovre Tunnel, Denmark
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6. Unnecessary installations
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Air Filtration Systems
• Filtration plant for NOx and particles within the Opera tunnel in Oslo + 6 other tunnels in Norway deactivated
• Excessive energy consumption, large maintenance and operation costs and low efficiency
• Filtration plants in M30 tunnels in Madrid hardly used, due to low vehicular pollution
• Air cleaning in Chiyoda and Yamate tunnels in Tokyo still operational
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7. Future sustainability
• Consider social, economic and environmental impacts
• Over tunnel life cycle
• Holistic strategy
• Consistency with life safety, asset protection and operational continuity
• Clear targets and plans
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Conclusions
• Sustainable designs can save costs and improve the environment – but a long-term horizon is required
• Emphasis on design and operation
• Challenge for innovation