System Requirements ReviewAAE 451
Andrew MizenerDiane Barney Jon Coughlin
Jared Scheid Mark GloverMichael Coffey Donald Barrett
Eric Smith Kevin Lincoln
Outline
I. Mission StatementII. Market and Customers
a. Market Sizeb. Customer Needsc. Customer Benefits
III. CompetitorsIV. Concept of Operations
a. Representative City Pairsb. Capacityc. Design and Economic Missions
V. System Design Requirementsa. QFDb. Benchmarks
VI. Initial Sizing / Technical Specifications
Mission Statement
To design a profitable, supersonic aircraft capable of Trans-Pacific travel to meet the needs of airlines and their passengers around the world.
The World in 2020
• Profitable operations of our aircraft depend on:• The repeal of FAR supersonic flight regulations over
land• At the minimum, supersonic corridors created
over areas of low population density• Sonic boom overpressure of .3 lb/ft2 or less
• Success of Supersonic Business Jets (SSBJ’s) over the next 10 years
• Projected growth in passenger volume:• Overall: 4.2% per year• Asia/Pacific: 6.3% per year• China: 9.1% per year
• ACI Global Traffic Forecast Report 2008-2027
Customer Needs
• Passengers:– High Speed Travel
• Mach 1.6 - 2.0• Significantly decrease flight time
– Comfortable• 40 Passenger Capacity• Single Class
– First or Business Class• Airlines:
– All above, and additionally:• Trans-Pacific range• Works at existing airports• Obeys all noise and emissions regulations• “Capstone” Marketing
Customer Benefits
• Passengers– Speed results in lower trip time– Seating gives more luxurious ride than coach class
• Airlines – Faster aircraft could lead to more flights per day– Trans-Pacific range gives the opportunity for more
travel routes– Aircraft could be used as a selling tool in marketing
Market Size
• Appeal to the wealthier market– Those who currently pay first class fares
• 2% of passengers pay first class fare– Based on Bureau of Transportation Statistics
DB1B Database for Domestic US flights in 2007
– Additional 1% for novelty and convenience – Net: 3% of the US Domestic Market
• Similar numbers assumed for international routes
Projected Sales
• Expect to sell 120 Aircraft– Projecting market growth to 2020– Based on Key City Pairs
• Long enough to provide time savings• Travelled enough to provide market foothold
– Hard numbers from routes with at least one leg in the US
– Include an additional 50% for strictly international routes (particularly in Asia and the Middle East)
Competition
• Three Main Competitors– Supersonic Business Jets (SSBJs)
• SAI, Aerion, Tupolev, Dassault– Subsonic Airliners
• Boeing, Airbus– Supersonic Airliners
SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport Concept Boeing 787 Dreamliner
Next Generation Supersonic Transport Concept
SSBJs
• 2020 sees widespread usage of SSBJs for small volume, high dollar transport
• Benefits– This usage proves the viability of economic
operations above Mach 1.5– Provides initial capabilities for production of aircraft
• Structural materials• Engine choices
• Costs– Provides service for high value potential customers
Subsonic Airliners
• Cost will remain the largest factor in customer choice
• Legacy aircraft will continue to provide cheapest service– Most routes do not require supersonic capability
• Short routes result in less time saved• Limited supersonic corridors
– Most airlines will not upgrade to supersonic initially• Large initial investment• Limited market
– The introduction of faster travel on a large scale will serve to drive down ticket prices on existing airframes
Supersonic Airliners
• Within 2 years of GoldJet reaching operation, direct competition will arrive
• Many existing concepts waiting for funding– Japan’s Next Generation Supersonic Transport
• Mach 2+• 300 Passengers at business class prices• Small scale testing in 2005
– France’s Avion de Transport Supersonique Futur• Mach 2+• Development stalled in early 2000’s due to lack of
funding– Russia’s Tu-244
• Mach 2+• Planned to carry 311 passengers
Supersonic Airliners
• Funding would increase radically as GoldJet and SSBJs achieve economic success– Injection of large scale funds would allow
competitors to spool up research to finish projects quickly
• To combat this competition, GoldJet will come to market quickly with an efficient product
Capacity
• 40 Passengers– Bubble point for # planes sold– Increases passenger comfort– Easier to fill small flights
• 3 Crew– Pilot, Copilot– One Flight attendant
• FAR 125.269: One Flight Attendant, 50 pax or fewer
Trans-Pacific City Pairs
Origin
City Code Runway (ft) Range (nmi)
Los Angeles LAX 10,599 -
Destination
Tokyo* NRT 13,123 4,737Beijing PEK 10,499 5,432Shanghai** PDG 11,154 5,650Honolulu HNL 12,300 2,221
* Threshold Mission** Design Mission
Trans-Atlantic City Pairs
Origin
City Code Runway (ft) Range (nmi)
New York JFK 11,081 -
Destination
London LHR 12,404 2,999Amsterdam AMS 10,645 3,166Paris CDG 11,331 3,159Frankfurt FRA 13,123 3,350Madrid MAD 11,483 3,119Dublin DUB 10,200 2,762
Domestic City Pairs
Origin
City Code Runway(ft)
Range (nmi)
New York JFK 11,081 -
Destination
Miami MIA 13,000 947 Los Angeles LAX 10,599 2,520
Las Vegas LAS 14,510 2,346
Seattle SEA 11,900 2,259
Europe/Asia City Pairs
Origin Destination
City Code Runway (ft) City Code Runway (ft) Range (nmi)
Hong Kong HKG 12,467 London LHR 12,008 5,209
- - - Dubai DXB 13,124 3,201
- - - Sydney SYD 12,999 3,981
- - - Singapore SIN 13,123 1,380
- - - Mumbai BOM 11,302 2,310
- - - Delhi DEL 12,500 2,026
Dubai DXB 13,124 London LHR 12,008 3,302
- - - Delhi DEL 12,500 1,182
- - - Singapore SIN 13,123 3,157
- - - Shanghai PDG 11,154 3,464
- - - Tokyo NRT 13,123 4,316
Design Mission
• Los Angeles – Shanghai– Range: 5,650 nautical miles
Design Mission
Economic Mission
• New York (JFK) – Los Angeles (LAX)– 2,151 nautical miles
• Highly Travelled Route– Currently approx.
3,637,000 pax/year– Projected to 5,719,000
pax/year by 2020• Large Market
– Two largest population centers in USA– Large economic and social centers
• Need for Speed
Direct (Great Circle) Route
Economic Mission
• Requires assumption of a minimum of “Supersonic Corridors”
• Long enough to provide a significant time savings– Standard flight:
• 5 hours, 15 minutes– Supersonic flight:
• Approx. 3 hours• Includes detour to
follow supersonic corridor
• Possible corridor would add only 400 miles
Supersonic Corridor Route
House of Quality
House of Quality
• Customer Wants
– Profitable Operations– Low Trip Time– Long Range– Marketable – Functions at Current
Airports– Many Trips per Day– Passengers Comfortable– Quiet– Low Emissions– Affordable Purchase Cost– Easy to Maintain– Easy to Manufacture– Easy to Fly– Can Carry Cargo
– Acquisition Cost– TO Field Length– Landing Field
Length– Number of
Passengers– Wingspan– Cruise Efficiency– Quiet– Cruise Speed– Block Time
– Turnaround Time
– Cabin Volume per Passenger
– Operating Cost– Boom
Overpressure– Stall Speed– Downtime– Minimum Ticket
Price– Meets FARs– Second
Segment Climb Gradient
• Means for Realization
House of Quality
Relative Importance of Requirements
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
Acquis
ition
Cost [
$]
TO Fie
ld Le
ngth
[ft]
Land
ing F
ield
Leng
th [f
t]
Numbe
r of P
asse
nger
s
Win
gspa
n [ft
]
Cruise
Effi
cienc
y [lb
s of
fuel/
pax-
mi]
Quiet
[Max
dB]
Cruise
Spe
ed [M
]
Block
time
[min
or h
r]
Turna
roun
d tim
e [m
in o
r hr]
Cabin
Volu
me
per P
asse
nger
Opera
ting
Cost [
$/flig
ht]
Boom
Ove
rpre
ssur
e [M
ax d
B]
Stall S
peed
[mph
]
Downt
ime
[mai
nten
ance
tim
e/flig
ht h
r]
Min
imum
Tick
et P
rice
[$/p
ax]
Mee
ts F
ARs
Secon
d Seg
men
t Clim
b G
radie
nt [%
]
Benchmarking
Aircraft
W0 [lb] T/W0
Cruise (M)
Range
(nmi)Cabin
Size
Gold Jet339,00
0 0.4 1.8 5500 40
Concorde408,00
0 0.3730 2.02 3900 100
Tu-144397,00
0 0.4446 2.16 3500 120-140
Aerion SBJ 90,000 0.4356 1.7 3500 8-12
Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21
114,200 0.4344 2.2 4000 6-10
Tu-444 90,400 0.4735 2 4050 6-10
SAI/LM QSST153,00
0 0.4314 1.6-1.8 4000 12
Initial Sizing
• Used a least squares fit of historicalaircraft to estimate initial gross weight andempty weight.
Empty Weight Model
• Estimated the empty weight fraction as a function of Gross Weight, Aspect Ratio, Thrust to Weight, Wing Loading, and Max Mach Number– We/W0=bW0
c1ARc2(T/W0)c3(W0/S)c4Mmaxc5
– b=1.0784– c1= - 0.0903– c2= - 0.0838– c3= 0.4895– c4= 0.2357– c5= - 0.3553
• Technology Factor of 0.95 for composites
Initial Sizing Results
• Design Variables– Mission Range: 5650 nmi– Wing Loading: 100 lbf/ft2
– Aspect Ratio: 5– Thrust to Weight: 0.4– Maximum Mach Number:
2– Cruise Mach Number: 1.8– Number of Passengers: 40– Number of Flight Crew: 3
• Resulting Weights– W0 = 361,100 lbs
– We = 150,500 lbs
– Wf = 201,300 lbs
Summary
• Market and Customers– Market Size: 120 Aircraft– Customer Needs and Benefits
• High Speed, Long Range, Comfortable Travel• Competitors
– SSBJs, Subsonic Airliners, Supersonic Airliners• Concept of Operations
– 40 Passengers, 3 Crew– Design Mission: LAX – Shanghai– Economic Mission: JFK – LAX
• Initial Sizing / Technical Specifications– Mach 1.6 – 2.0– Range: 5,650 nmi– W0 = 361,100 lbs
Next Steps
• Refined Sizing• Cabin Layout• Aerodynamic Analysis
– Airfoil and Planform– Supersonic Properties
• CAD Modeling• Engines
– Sizing– Choice
Questions?