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Taking Action on PFAS in Landfill Leachate
Steve Sliver
Michigan PFAS Action Response Team
517-290-2943| [email protected]
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Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
• Strong carbon-fluorine bonds
• Surfactants
• Hydrophobic(repels water) and oleophobic (repels oil, fat, grease)
• Heat resistant
• Began developing in 1940’s
• 5,000+ compounds today
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Some Common PFAS Abbreviations
• Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
• Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)
• Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)
• Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS)
• Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS)
• GenX
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PFAS Uses
Chemicals and
PharmaceuticalsElectronicsAerospace Apparel
Building and
Construction
Aqueous Film
Forming FoamSemiconductorsOil & Gas Energy
Healthcare and
Hospitals
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Why the Concern?
• Pervasive
• Persistent
• Bioaccumulative
• Associated with adverse health effects
• Scarcity of information in scientific literature
• Incomplete regulatory structure5
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1 ppt = 1 drop in 20 Olympic pools
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Michigan PFAS Action Response Team (MPART)
• Unique multi-agency approach
• Leads coordination and cooperation among all levels of government
• Directs implementation of state’s action strategy
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MPART Response
• Protect Public Health• Standardize sampling and analytical• Study occurrence• Identify sources and source pathways• Study environmental transport and
fate• Study ecological effects• Educate• Prevent future contamination• Develop standards
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MI Standards
Surface water quality ✓ 11/12 ppt PFOS✓ 420/12,000 ppt PFOA
Groundwater cleanup✓ 70 ppt PFOA/PFOS✓ GSI per surface water quality
standardsDrinking water
✓ 70 ppt PFOA/PFOS lifetime health advisory recommendation
❑MCLs
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IPP Initiative
• Industrial pretreatment program
• Screen industrial users
– Includes landfills
• Test POTW discharge
• Test biosolids
• Reduce or eliminate PFAS
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MI Landfill Leachate Initiative
• Sampling and analytical guidance
• Relate PFAS levels to
– Age and type of waste
– Leachate management
– Operations
– Landfill design
• Partnership with industry
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March 2019 Report
• Industry-wide study for context
• 35 active MSW landfills
• PFOA and PFOS
• One data point
• Foundation for next steps
• https://www.michiganwasteandrecyclingassociation.com/
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2019 MWRA/NTH
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2019 MWRA/NTH
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2019 MWRA/NTH
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2019 MWRA/NTH
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2019 MWRA/NTH
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Going Forward on Leachate
• Workgroup
• Evaluate options
– Monitoring
– Best management practices
– Compliance schedules
– Treatment
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Leachate Treatment and Disposal
• Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
• Reverse Osmosis (RO)
• Deep well injection
• Treatment Technology Roundtable May 10, 2019
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Sites and Corrective
Action• Sources of
groundwater contamination over 70 ppt PFOS+PFOA
• Standards enforceable under state cleanup and waste programs
• 7 landfills so far
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Mobility
• Highly mobile
• Unconventional
• Affected by organic carbon, pH, clay content
• Current models lacking
• More studies needed
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Landfill Corrective Action
• Prioritize active and closed Type II (MSW) and Type III (industrial)– History of releases
– PFAS in leachate
– Proximity to groundwater receptors
– Waste types
• Goal– Responsible parties test groundwater at all high
priority sites by the end of the year
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High Priority
• 48 sites designated high priority for PFAS sampling
– current or historic groundwater impacts
– potential drinking water receptors are proximate
– Excludes 100% Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) or Ash landfills that otherwise meet first 2 criteria
• Sampling requested at 26 sites
– Results from 4 sites are in and all have PFAS
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Medium Priority
• 43 sites designated medium priority sites for PFAS sampling
– current or historic groundwater impacts
– no potential drinking water receptors proximate to the site
– includes CKD and Ash sites
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Low Priority
• 43 sites designated low priority for PFAS sampling
– No current or historic groundwater impacts
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Going Forward on Corrective Action
• Ongoing evaluation per priorities
• Initiate corrective action process when PFAS are found in groundwater
– Initiate testing of drinking water wells downgradient
– Implement alternate water for impacted drinking water
• Integrate PFAS into groundwater monitoring
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Michigan Department of
Environment, Great Lakes, and Energywww.Michigan.gov/EGLEwww.Michigan.gov/PFASresponse