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Presentation Name and Presenter
TC211-218 Workshop MSE Walls and Reinforced Fills
The use of polymeric geogrids in structures with non -standard reinforced fillsChaido Doulala-Rigby (Yuli)
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OUTLINE
• Historic Background of polymeric geogrids
• Special considerations for non-standard fills
• Benefits
• Case studies of non-standard reinforced fills
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The first polymeric geogrid was invented in the late 1970s in
Lancashire, North West of the UK by Brian Mercer
Background - Origin of Geogrids
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The first Polymeric MSE Wall
The very first application of polymeric geogrid reinforcement in an
MSE wall was pioneered by West Yorkshire County Council and Prof.
Colin Jones and was to construct an elevated temporary railway
facility, 2.5m high, at Newmarket/Silkstone colliery in West Yorkshire,
UK using non-standard reinforced fill
The structure used mine stone waste (unburned colliery waste) as the
fill, precast concrete facing units and sliding connections between the
reinforcement and the facing.
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• February 1980 - Newmarket Silkstone Colliery, Yorkshire – reinforced fill was unburnt shale
The first Polymeric MSE Wall
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The first Polymeric MSE Wall
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‘Standard’ Reinforced soil fill
• Majority of reinforce soil structures have since been constructed
with ‘standard’ fill, which is selected, good quality, well graded,
preferably angular (crushed), granular fill free from organic
substances
• What can be achieved with good quality ‘standard’ fill?
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Presentation Name and Presenter
TC211-218 Workshop MSE Walls and Reinforced Fills
Good quality fill, up to 60m high!
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Non-Standard Reinforced soil fillsBUT, as Clients focus more and more on cost and CO2 cutting, a
variety of non-standard fills are being used/investigated with HDPE
geogrids (flexible, inert and ‘forgiving’):
• Cohesive/marginal fills, such as clay rich fills – case study (1)
• Mine industry by-products, i.e. mine stone
• Coal industry by-products, i.e. pulverised fuel ash – case study (2)
• Steel industry by-products, i.e. slag
• Recycled demolition material, i.e. including bricks, concrete
• Landfill waste material – case study (3)
• Chalk fill – CIRIA 574 – case study (4)
• EPS – case study (5) • Light weight fill, i.e. Leca – case study (6)
• Recycled tyres!
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• Project location: site won fill available/suitable? Transportation to
nearest quarry/fill source?
• Topography: water features nearby? Susceptible to flooding?
Combination of free draining lower and cohesive upper maybe the
solution
• Foundation type: light(er) weight fill expense may counterbalance
savings from reduction in piling – LWA & PFA
• type of structure: i.e. bridge abutments or very high walls need
very good quality fill to minimise the risk of long term
deformations; ‘soft’ face structures can accommodate some
deformation so lesser fill quality OK, even cohesive fill can be
acceptable • Time: tight construction programme may detect
the nearest source or easiest to build, even if not
the most economic
Non-standard reinforced fill – selection criteria
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Design considerations for non -standard fills
Design/durability considerations/testing requirements
• Shear box/pull-out testing - fill material properties and interaction
factors (especially sliding, i.e. rounded or fine fill material)
• Shear box – correct (slow) rate of shearing for ‘non-standard’, i.e.
slow drain clay fills - drained conditions
• chemical analysis – i.e. HDPE is largely inert to chemical attack and
to environments with pH2 - pH12.5 but not all soil reinforcement is
• Particle size/angularity - installation damage tests
• Crushability under compaction – particles don’t break down under
compaction
• Compactability/trafficability of cohesive soils - min Su=35-50kPa
• drainage: even more important for fills like chalk
or PFA
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Benefits of using non -standard fillsEconomic and other Benefits
• Site won - free of charge!
• No time wasted in importing fill
• No traffic importing quarried fill or exporting site won ‘waste’ fill-
financial and environmental benefits
• Promotes recycling - sustainable solution
• Time and money savings by allowing the use of weaker
foundations
• Faster construction programme (less transport, less
Foundation improvement effort)
• CO2 reduction
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Monserrat Airport re-construction
• The original Montserrat W H Bramble airport was destroyed during the eruption
of Soufrière Hills Volcano in 1995.
• Between 1995 and 2005, Montserrat had been accessible only by helicopters or
boats
• New airport constructed in another safer location to the north with the locally
available site won cohesive fill material and HDPE polymeric geogrids
1. Site won cohesive fill material – case study
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Site won cohesive fill material
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Western Side Embankment
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1. Site won cohesive fill material – case study
Monteserat 2005, Airport Embankment 31.5m high
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Site won cohesive fill material – case study
Malaysia 2006, 60m high landslide
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Malaysia 2006, 60m high landslide
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New 800m Bus Rapid Transit Link known as ‘Tinsley Link’, 2015, up to 11m high walls
2. Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) – Case Study
460m long MSE wall 2.2m to 11.2m high
~40m long MSE wall4.8m to 7.0m high
Fitzwilliam Bridge
River Don
Railway lineSHEFFIELD
ROTHERHAM
TINSLEY
300m at grade road link
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Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA)
Pulverised fuel ash (PFA), is a very fine (up to 10mm) waste product of coal fired power stations; cements in time and light(er) weight, ~ 15kN/m3
Highly alkaline, typically pH>9 : ok for HDPE geogrids but sensitive materials
such as polyester or steel need to be factored in the design
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PFA constraints
additional drainage measures must be made as outlined in BS8006:2010 Cl. 6.10.5.2, Cl. 6.10.5.3, and Cl. 6.10.2.6.3
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New 800m Sheffield to Rotherham Bus Rapid Transit Link known as ‘Tinsley Link’, 2015, up to 11m high walls
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PFA Case Study
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PFA Case Study
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PFA Case Study
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3. Use of a landfill waste material – case studyDan-Y-Lan Landfill (1955-1971) up to 30m high lands lip remediation, 2004-6
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Installation damage factor was increased due tobroken glass in the waste
Compaction trial and error: tracked plant to vibrating rollers and small tractor dumper to large dumper tractor
Use of a landfill waste material
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Use of a landfill waste material
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Use of a landfill waste material
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4. Chalk reinforced Fill – case study
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Chalk reinforced Fill
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5. Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) reinforced Fill
Photo credits: http://www.epsindustry.org/other-applications/geofoam
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6. Light Weight Aggregate (LWA) fill
Light Weight Expanded Clay Aggregate- bulk density of the material vary from 3.75kN/m3 to 6kN/m3, φ’=36o
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On weak foundations reduce the amount of foundation upgrade (piling) and therefore the project cost
Light Weight Aggregate (LWA) reinforced fillNo specific compaction required as pneumatically placed and just compacted by traffic lorries
Geogrid/LWA specific testing must be carried out to obtain the interaction characteristics required for design
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Doncaster (FARRRS) Bridge approach ramps, up to 12.5m high, 2016
Light Weight Aggregate (LWA) reinforced fill
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The use of polymeric geogrids in structures with non -standard reinforced fills