Download - Teaching Methods (SOLLAT Talk)
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What is methodology ?
Brown (1994: 51) defines it as
“the study of pedagogical
practices including theoretical
underpinnings and related
research / the ‘how to teach’.
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What is method ?
- generalized set of classroom
specifications- tailored to meet learning objectives
- primarily concerned with teacher and
students’ roles and behaviours inclass
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Principles of Language Learning
Cognitive
a.Automaticity
b.Meaningful learning
c.Anticipation of rewards
d.Intrinsic motivation
e.Strategic investment
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Principles of Language Learning
Affective
a.Language ego – develop new mode ofthinking
b.Self- confidence
c.Risk-taking
d.Language-culture connection
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Principles of Language Learning
Linguistic Principles
a.Native language effect
b.Interlanguage
c.Communicative competence
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The Direct Method
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Rationale
• F irst language learning process
(1) No grammar
(2) No mother tongue
(3) No translation
(4) Postponement of printed word(5) Postponement of written word
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Direct Method
Objectives:
a. Teaching students to use the language
spontaneously and orally
b. Linking meaning using materials,
realia & pictures (Larsen-Freeman,
1986)
c. Fostering a direct link between
concept & language learned
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- Also known as Oral / Natural method
- Entails active involvement in speaking
& listening in realistic environment- Think rather than translate
- Learners hear the language before
seeing the written form
- Teachers demonstrate, not translate
Direct Method
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Key features (Richards and Rodgers 1986:9-10) :
a. Instruction conducted exclusively in Target Language
b. Only everyday vocabulary & sentences are taught
c. Oral communication build up in progression organized
around Q&A between T and Ss
d. Grammar is taught inductively
e. New items taught through practices & modelling
f. Concrete vocab taught through demos, abstract vocab
through idea associations
g. Speech and listening are taught together
h. Emphasises the correct pronunciation & grammar
Direct Method
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Advantage
An effective way in
creating learners tobe competent in using
the target
communicatively.
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The Grammar-Translation
Method
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Grammar Translation MethodObjectives:
a. Able to read in the Target Language
b. Able to translate from one language to
another
c. Develop and improve reading &
writing skills
d. Aid in mental exercises
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Grammar Translation Method
Key features :
i. Able to use native language
ii. Vocabulary & grammar rules
iii. Accuracy & translation
iv. Language skills
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Grammar Translation Method
Focus on grammar rules
Grammar presented along with rules
Apply rules to examples given
Reading comprehension – answers in
target language
T as authority figure, providescorrect answers
Ss are passive learners
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GTM techniques
• (1) Translation of a Literary Passage
• (2) Reading Comprehension Questions
• (3) Antonyms/Synonyms
• (4) Cognates• (5) Deductive Application of Rule
• (6) F il l-in-the-blanks
• (7) Memorization
• (8) Use Words in Sentences
• (9) Composition
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GTM Advantages
Effective way for application of
grammar and sentence structure
Less demands on teachers
Least stressful for students
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GTM Disadvantages
Wrong idea of what target languageis
Less learners’ motivation
Create frustration for learners
Rigid
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Suggestopedia
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Total Physical Response
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Communicative
Language Teaching