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TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE
DISSOLVEDDISSOLVEDOXYGEN (DO)OXYGEN (DO)
pHpH NITROGENNITROGEN
PHOSPHATESPHOSPHATES
TURBIDITYTURBIDITY
BIO-BIO-INDICATORSINDICATORS
Water Quality FactorsWater Quality Factors
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TEMPERATURE
EFFECTS:changes rate of photosynthesischanges rate of respirationchanges DO in water
cold water holds more DOhot water holds less DO
changes sensitivity of organisms to toxic waste, parasites, disease.
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TEMPERATURE
• Thermal pollution = adding warm water to cold water.
CAUSES OF THERMAL POLLUTION:
• Industry (nuclear power plants, paper mills)
• Urban Development (storm water runoff, construction, soil erosion)
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DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
ORANGE = Oxygen
MICKEYMOUSE = Water
Fish needOxygen
Less Oxygen =Less fish
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DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
TO INCREASE DO:
• Much of DO comes from atmosphere
• Some of DO comes from photosynthesis
TO DECREASE DO:
• Add pollution
• Add organic waste
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ORGANIC WASTE = LOW DO
• Organic waste = parts of once living things
EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC WASTE:
Sewage
Farm runoff
Discharge from food processing plants
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HOW RAW SEWAGE LOWERS DO
RAW SEWAGE GOES INTO WATER:
1. Decomposers chow down
2. Decomposers take up oxygen
3. Decomposers reproduce, taking up more oxygen
4. No more oxygen for other animals
5. Nothing left but decomposer & sewage-filled water.
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HEALTHY POND
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RAW SEWAGE IS DUMPED
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UNHEALTHY POND
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pH
• pH = measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance
• Tells whether substance is:
ACID
BASE
NEUTRAL
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pH
Measured on scale from 0 to 140 = highly acidic (HCl)7 = neutral (pure water)14 = highly basic (bleach)
Seawater pH ranges from 7.5 – 8.5Average pH of ocean water = 7.8pH of natural water = 6.5 – 8.5Optimal range for life = 6.5 – 8.2
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pH
US Northeastern rain pH = 4.3
Rain elsewhere in US pH = 5.0 – 5.6
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pH
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pHSOURCES OF LOW pH IN WATER:
• Acid rain is cause of acid in thousands of lakes
• Burning fossil fuels has increased acid rain
EFFECTS OF LOW pH IN WATER:
• Low pH directly kills fish
• pH < 5, most fish eggs die
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NITROGEN
• Living organisms need nitrogen to make proteins
• Nitrates (NO3) & Nitrites (NO2) are compounds made of nitrogen & oxygen
• Some nitrogen in water is good
• The wrong amount is bad
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NITROGEN
SOURCES OF NITROGEN IN WATER:
Human & animal waste
fertilizer
EFFECTS OF TOO MUCH NITROGEN:
Lowers dissolved oxygen (DO).
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NITROGEN – EUTROPHICATION
Q: How does Nitrogen reduce the amount of DO?A: Eutrophication• Nitrogen feeds algae (green stuff)• Algae grows & grows• Algae blocks sunlight• Underwater plants die• Algae die and decompose• The decomposition takes up oxygen• No DO for organisms, so they die
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NITROGENNITROGEN
OUR HAPPY POND IS OUR HAPPY POND IS NOW “DEAD”NOW “DEAD”
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EUTROPHICATION
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NITRATES
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PHOSPHATES
• Phosphorus is an element like hydrogen or oxygen
• Phosphorus combines with other things to make phosphates
• Essential for living things
• Usually present in very small amounts
• Too much is bad
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PHOSPHATES
SOURCES OF PHOSPHATES IN WATER:
Storm sewer runoff
Soil erosion
Fertilizer
Forest fires
Volcanic eruptions
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PHOSPHATES
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PHOSPHATES
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHATES:
Eutrophication (same as with nitrates)
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PHOSPHATESPHOSPHATES
OUR HAPPY POND IS OUR HAPPY POND IS NOW “DEAD”NOW “DEAD”
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EUTROPHICATION
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PHOSPHATES
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TURBIDITY
• Measures clearness of water
• Murky water = greater turbidity
• Caused by solids blocking sunlight
• Measured using a Secchi disk or turbidity meter
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TURBIDITY
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TURBIDITY
HUMAN DUMPING:
Clay
Silt
Industrial waste
Raw sewage
SOURCES:
Human dumping
Construction
Soil erosion
Nitrate pollution
Phosphate pollution
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TURBIDITY
EFFECTS:
Clogs fish gills
Smothers eggs
Makes water unlivable
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BIO-INDICATORS
• Bio-indicators = organisms that help determine health of water.
• Presence or absence tells something about the water.
• Not always an accurate way to measure water quality.
• Accurate in telling environmental stress
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BIO-INDICATORS
HOW HUMANS AFFECT BIO-INDICATORS:
Over-fishing
Industrial pollution
Poor farming practices
Adding foreign species
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BIO-INDICATORS
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BIO-INDICATORS