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TGN1412: What happened?Nicki Panoskaltsis, MD PhD
Director of R&D, NWLHT Senior Lecturer, HaematologyImperial College London Northwick Park & St. Mark’s site
Ganesh Suntharalingam, FRCA
Director of Intensive Care, NWLHTHonorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, Anaesthetics, Imperial College LondonNorthwick Park & St. Mark’s site
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Disclaimer• No involvement in trial conduct, and no
affiliation to:
– Trial sponsor (TeGenero AG, Germany)
– Contract Research Organisation (PAREXEL International, USA)
– Investigating regulatory authorities (MHRA, ESG)
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Beyersdorf et al, Ann Rheum Dis 2005
TGN1412
• Humanized IgG4κ mAb
• anti-CD28 superagonist
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TGN 1412• Humanised superagonist anti-CD28 monoclonal
antibody (TeGenero AG)
Sharpe AK et al. N Engl J Med 2006;355:973-975
Conventional anti-CD28Superagonist anti-CD28
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• March 13th 2006 clinical trial
– FIM study
– 8 healthy male volunteers
– randomised– placebo-controlled (6 study, 2 placebo)
– double-blinded– dose-escalation study (1st dose 0.1 mg/kg @ 2mg/min)
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TGN 1412 infusion
Headaches, rigors, lumbar myalgia
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Hypotension, tachycardia
First corticosteroid dose
Transient improvement, all patients
Hours after infusion
Fever, lymphopoenia, monocytopenia
Multi-organ failure (patient 6)
Multiorgan failure (patient 5)
Multiorgan failure(patients 1-4)
Methylprednisolone 1g (all pts)
0800 1400 2000 0200 Time
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 8 16
time post infusion (hours)
mir
com
ol/L
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
secs
creat PT
Clinical manifestation – sepsis-like organ failure pattern
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0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
1 2 3
time post infusion (hours)
lym
ph/m
ono
x 10
^3/m
m^3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
neut
x 1
0^3/
mm
^3
mono lympho neut
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Clinical management• immune modulation
– methylprednisolone 1g tds ( tailing dose)
– daclizumab (IL-2 receptor antagonist)
• organ support
– haemodynamic resuscitation– aggressive lung support – high volume kidney support
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Key difficulties, decisions & ethics
• Unpredictable effects• Unpredictable severity• Unknown kinetics in humans
• Admit as a cohort?• Treat as a cohort ?• Off-study clinical investigations only
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Outcome
• All six patients survived
• Full resolution of pulmonary injury and renal failure
• 1 pt peripheral necrosis
• Prolongedhaematological/ immunological recovery
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TNF-α and IFN-γ
Time (Days)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Tum
or N
ecro
sis
Fact
or α
(pg/
mL)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Time (Days)
0 1 2 3 4 5In
terf
eron
- γ (p
g/m
L)0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
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CRP
Time (Days)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
C R
eact
ive
Prot
ein
(mg/
L)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (Days)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Seru
m C
reat
inin
e ( µ
mol
/L)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Creatinine
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Suntharalingam G, Perry MR, Ward S et al N Engl J Med 2006;355:1018-28
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Multiple organ failure
Direct cytokine-Mediated injury
Immune cell activation,
cytokine releaseTGN1412
Multiple organ failure
Shock, perfusion failurecellular hypoxia
Immune cell activation,
cytokine releaseTGN1412
Multiple organ failure
Direct CD28-Mediated injuryTGN1412
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Where does this leave us?• MHRA Investigation (Metropolitan Police)
– GCP: Parexel, Boehringer, TeGenero• Contractual irregularities, no 24 hour medical cover
– GMP: Parexel– GLP: Preclinical studies– Product testing:
• NIBSC, MHRA (UK): FCC, FDA (USA) • No errors in manufacture, formulation, dilution,
administration • No bacterial, toxin, pyrogen contaminant
• Interim arrangements for novel biologic agents
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ESG Terms of Reference• Requirements in transition from pre-
clinical to first-into-man studies– Biologicals with novel mechanism of action– New agents with a highly species-specific
action– New drugs directed towards immune
system targets• Advice on the future authorisation of
such trials
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Lessons from TGN1412:Expert Scientific Group
• Final “Duff” Report – December, 2006Conclusion
“…preclinical development studies that were performed with TGN1412 did not predict a safe dose for use in humans, even though current regulatory requirements were met.”
• 22 Recommendations to improve safety of volunteers in first-in-man studies
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Recommendations (UK, EU, International):www.dh.gov.uk
1. Pre-clinical and early clinical development2. The process of preparation and review of clinical trial
applications, and early access to advice for both regulators and sponsors
3. Determining and administering the initial doses in man4. The clinical environment for first-in-man studies5. Developing the skills and training to meet future needs
Further testing at NIBSC:Why was the cytokine storm not identified pre-clinically?
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Rhesus monkeys: TGN1412 produced transient lymphocytosis at day16-23
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Cynomologus monkey + TGN1412: Mean peak serum concentration of cytokines (2, 24 hrs)
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Preclinical Efficacy Studies –animal models of autoimmune disease
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Human B-CLL cells + TGN1412:Cytokine release into S/N after 48 hours
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TGN1412: Preclinical data
CD8+
CD4+
DC
CD8+CD8+
CD8+
CD8+CD8+
CD8+
CD8+
CD8+
CD8+
CD8+
CD8+CD8+CD8+
CD8+
CD4+
CD4+
CD4+
CD4+CD4+
CD4+
CD4+
CD4+
CD4+
CD4+
CD4+CD4+
CD4+
CD4+
IL-2
IL-2
Treg
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Duff Report, December 2006
Healthy Human PBMNCs + TGN1412
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Duff Report, December 2006
Healthy Human Whole Blood + TGN1412
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Immobilized TGN1412: Lymphocyte Proliferation
Duff Report, December 2006
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Duff Report, December 2006
In vitro Immobilized TGN1412
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Did pre- or post-clinical testing give insights?
NO…except for what did not happen
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So what happened?The data show:
• Early rise in TNF – prestored, non-Tcell• Lung effects early - ?specific activation – first
pass• All volunteers had same response - unusual• Early Immune recovery – similar in all
volunteers despite “specific” treatments received
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How do we prevent this from happening in the future?
1. Be humble about the data - Do not be lulled into a false sense of security with the science, in vitro and in vivo(especially with immune targets), and do not ignore data
2. Prepare for the unexpected - Careful “defensive” trial design in case unexpected occurs
3. Think outside the box and use common sense – what is different about this agent that might cause problems, organs/cells affected, & is the dosing specific for the agent?
We cannot, but…
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How did we fail to protect the volunteers?
• Scientific rationale• Pre-clinical testing• Design of clinical trial• Regulatory safe-checks• Conduct of clinical trial• Monitoring & follow-up of SAE
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“Strategy on the pre-clinical development of a new medicine must be science-based, justified case-by-case by individuals with appropriate training.”
Duff Report, 2006
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AcknowledgementsAuthors• G. Suntharalingam• M. Perry• S. Ward• S. Brett• A. Castello-Cortes• M. Brunner• N. Panoskaltsis
NHS Staff
Northwick Park & St. Mark’s Hospital
Other London Hospitals
The Patients
Antigen Presentation Research GroupImperial College London Northwick Park & St. Mark’s site