Download - The Age of Exploration: 1400-1800
The Age of Exploration: The Age of Exploration: 1400-18001400-1800
The Historical Setting The Historical Setting for Explorationfor Exploration
Europe wanted trade: Europe wanted trade: overland routes overland routes expensiveexpensive
Limited previous Limited previous contact with the contact with the Americas had Americas had occurred: Vikingsoccurred: Vikings
Marco Polo had Marco Polo had reached Chinareached China Vikings
Renaissance Ideas That Renaissance Ideas That Influenced ExplorationInfluenced Exploration
Most educated men Most educated men believed that the believed that the world was roundworld was round
There were stories of There were stories of other lands, but they other lands, but they were not focused on were not focused on the Western the Western HemisphereHemisphere
Economic DevelopmentsEconomic Developments
Trade routes expanded: Trade routes expanded: Italians traded with Asia then Italians traded with Asia then sold to the northern sold to the northern EuropeansEuropeans
Europeans wanted: Europeans wanted: spices(cinnamon, pepper, spices(cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg)nutmeg)
The development of bankingThe development of banking
The Royal Exchange, London
New TechnologyNew TechnologyShipsShips
Caravels Caravels round hulled, carry heavy round hulled, carry heavy
arms, smallerarms, smaller
Ship technologyShip technology rudder, triangular sailsrudder, triangular sails
ArmamentsArmaments gunpowder/ cannons on gunpowder/ cannons on
ships to protect/conquerships to protect/conquer
New TechnologyNew TechnologyNavigationNavigation
AstrolabeAstrolabe Calculate latitudeCalculate latitude
CompassCompass Determine directionDetermine direction
Practical knowledge Practical knowledge of winds and currentsof winds and currents
Astrolabe
CartographyCartographyEarly and Medieval MapsEarly and Medieval Maps
Jerusalem maps
Mappa Mundi
Ptolemaic map
Late Medieval and Late Medieval and Renaissance CartographyRenaissance Cartography
Portolan map Fra Mauro’s map
Cartography and ProjectionCartography and Projection
• Projection: how project a round object on a flat map?
Mercator map of Europe, 16th century
Motives for ExplorationMotives for Exploration
SEARCH FOR RESOURCES AND LANDSEARCH FOR RESOURCES AND LAND
Oceanic resources Land resources
like fish, whales like timber
Land for wheat
Land for Sugar
Motives for ExplorationMotives for ExplorationMISSIONARY ACTIVITYMISSIONARY ACTIVITY
Motives for ExplorationMotives for ExplorationNational: make country more powerful and rich
Personal: fame, money and power
Columbus lands in America
GLORYGLORY
In Summary: In Summary:
Why Explore?Why Explore? GodGod
Missionary workMissionary work
GoldGold Money to be madeMoney to be made TradeTrade
GloryGlory CompetitionCompetition Fame/richesFame/riches
And Because they CanAnd Because they Can TechnologyTechnology
Compass, astrolabe, shipsCompass, astrolabe, ships
mapsmaps WeaponsWeapons Medical knowledgeMedical knowledge
Early Endeavors: Early Endeavors: The PortugueseThe Portuguese
The Portuguese The Portuguese began the era of began the era of European European explorationexploration
The Portuguese The Portuguese were dependent were dependent on the season the seas
Ocean access Ocean access helped Portugalhelped Portugal
Connected Connected northern Europe northern Europe to Italyto Italy
Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator(1394–1460)(1394–1460)
Son of the king of Son of the king of PortugalPortugal
Had been a crusader in Had been a crusader in northern Africa, saw northern Africa, saw wealth/goods therewealth/goods there
Investigated possible Investigated possible trade opportunities in trade opportunities in Africa(gold, silver)Africa(gold, silver)
Established navigational Established navigational school: map makers, school: map makers, sailors, etcsailors, etc
Motivation: wealth and Motivation: wealth and religionreligion
Early Portuguese Exploration:Early Portuguese Exploration:AfricaAfrica
West African West African coast: looking coast: looking for route to Indiafor route to India
Trade Trade developed: gold, developed: gold, slaves, spicesslaves, spices
Portuguese fort on the African coast
Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias Traveled the coast of Traveled the coast of
AfricaAfrica Around the tip of Around the tip of
southern Africa in southern Africa in 14881488
Returned to PortugalReturned to Portugal
Dias rounding the Cape of Good Hope
Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama 1498, sailed for India 1498, sailed for India Reached IndiaReached India Sea routeSea route
Da Gama in India Portrait of da Gama
The Portuguese Empire in the The Portuguese Empire in the EastEast
Largest European Largest European empire in Asiaempire in Asia
Opened/controlled trade Opened/controlled trade in India, Japan, East in India, Japan, East Indies, Spice IslandsIndies, Spice Islands
Eventually lost control of Eventually lost control of their trade empiretheir trade empire
Other countries started Other countries started to tradeto trade
Da Gama landing in Calcutta
Portugal
India
Japan
Spice Islands
East Indies
Other Traders in the EastOther Traders in the East
Established East Established East India CompaniesIndia Companies
The English, French, The English, French, and Dutch and Dutch established tradeestablished trade
Dutch settlement in Java, 1665
Afonso d’AlbuquerqueAfonso d’Albuquerque
16th-century commander16th-century commander Seized control of several critical portsSeized control of several critical ports Difficult to secure full control over the areaDifficult to secure full control over the area First governor general in IndiaFirst governor general in India
The Collapse of the The Collapse of the Portuguese EmpirePortuguese Empire
Control over the Control over the empire weakenedempire weakened
Portugal taken over Portugal taken over in 1580in 1580
Japan adopted a Japan adopted a policy of isolationismpolicy of isolationism
Other European Other European countries seized countries seized Portuguese interests Portuguese interests throughout Asiathroughout Asia
Jesuits in Japan
The Spanish Empire in AsiaThe Spanish Empire in Asia Did not focus on Did not focus on
Asian markets Asian markets Established a Established a
colony in the colony in the PhilippinesPhilippines
A Spanish galleon
Northern Europeans in AsiaNorthern Europeans in Asia Latecomers to Latecomers to
AsiaAsia Established East Established East
India CompaniesIndia Companies The English, The English,
French, and DutchFrench, and Dutch
18th-century French map of Southeast Asia
The Dutch and JavaThe Dutch and Java
Wanted Asian portWanted Asian port Jan Pieterszoon Jan Pieterszoon
Coen established a Coen established a trading monopoly in trading monopoly in Java (Indonesia)Java (Indonesia)
Direct and indirect Direct and indirect rulerule
Dutch settlement in Java, 1665
Discovering a New World?Discovering a New World?
Empires in the New World—the result of a Empires in the New World—the result of a mistakemistake
Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Italian navigator Italian navigator Sought patron($$) for Sought patron($$) for
his exploration ideahis exploration idea Spain’s King Ferdinand Spain’s King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella paidand Queen Isabella paid Sail West to get to East Sail West to get to East
IndiesIndies Sailed with 3 boats in Sailed with 3 boats in
14921492
Columbus’s JourneyColumbus’s Journey
Sailed west Sailed west for about 2 for about 2 monthsmonths
Found land in Found land in the Caribbeanthe Caribbean
Believed he Believed he was in Asiawas in Asia
Discovered Discovered Hispaniola Hispaniola and Cubaand Cuba
Columbus’s Subsequent Columbus’s Subsequent JourneysJourneys
2nd journey2nd journey Puerto Rico Puerto Rico
and Jamaica and Jamaica discovereddiscovered
33rdrd and 4 and 4thth trips trips explored South explored South America and America and Central AmericaCentral America
Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci Geographer who Geographer who
wrote notes about wrote notes about land they foundland they found
New World named New World named in his honor on a in his honor on a map in 1507map in 1507
Portuguese and Spanish Portuguese and Spanish Explorers in the New World: Explorers in the New World:
Pedro Alvares Cabral: Pedro Alvares Cabral: 15001500 Claimed Brazil for Portugal: Claimed Brazil for Portugal:
sugar plantationssugar plantations
Vasco Nunez da Balboa: Vasco Nunez da Balboa: 15101510 Crossed Panama, saw Crossed Panama, saw
Pacific OceanPacific Ocean
Balboa sighting the Pacific Ocean
Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan
Explored the coast of South Explored the coast of South AmericaAmerica
Entered Pacific OceanEntered Pacific Ocean
Magellan’s route
MagellanMagellan
Difficult Pacific journeyDifficult Pacific journey ScurvyScurvy Food shortages: ate Food shortages: ate
rats, leatherrats, leather
Reached Philippines Reached Philippines and Magellan was and Magellan was killedkilled
Of 280 crew, only 35 Of 280 crew, only 35 survived to endsurvived to end
Hernando CortesHernando Cortes Conquered the Conquered the
Aztec Empire Aztec Empire (1519–1521)(1519–1521)
Defeated Defeated MontezumaMontezuma
Stole goldStole gold Millions of natives Millions of natives
killed by smallpoxkilled by smallpox Governor of MexicoGovernor of Mexico
Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro
Conquered the IncasConquered the Incas Held Atahualpa, the Held Atahualpa, the
Inca ruler, prisonerInca ruler, prisoner Once he controlled the Once he controlled the
area, he exploited the area, he exploited the Incas: taxes, labor in Incas: taxes, labor in minesmines
Spanish ConquestSpanish Conquest
Empire extends into North AmericaEmpire extends into North AmericaJuan Ponce de Leon claimed FloridaJuan Ponce de Leon claimed FloridaFrancisco Vasquez de Coronado: traveled in Francisco Vasquez de Coronado: traveled in
Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, etcArizona, New Mexico, Texas, etc
Many missionaries settled in today’s U.S.Many missionaries settled in today’s U.S.
The Impact on the The Impact on the Spanish ColoniesSpanish Colonies
Exploitation of Exploitation of gold and silvergold and silver
Plantations Plantations establishedestablished
Trade increasedTrade increased Natives forced Natives forced
labor, lower classlabor, lower class Bring language Bring language
and and religion(Catholic)religion(Catholic)
Woodcut of Potosi
Social Classes & the SpanishSocial Classes & the Spanish
Mestizos
Native Americans
Creoles
Spanish
Benefits for SpainBenefits for Spain
Wealthy empire from silver/goldWealthy empire from silver/goldBuilt navy and army: one of most powerful Built navy and army: one of most powerful
European nationsEuropean nations
Spanish ImpactSpanish Impact
The Spanish in the New WorldThe Spanish in the New WorldBuilt an enormous empire in the AmericasBuilt an enormous empire in the Americas
Governmental Administration
RoyalAdministrators
Council of the
Indies
Vice-royalties
Religion and the Spanish Religion and the Spanish EmpireEmpire
Christian Christian missionaries missionaries
Christian Christian missionaries missionaries and Native and Native American rightsAmerican rights
Explorers Explorers in thein the
New World: North New World: North AmericaAmerica
English
Dutch
North America
Spain
French
Brazil and the PortugueseBrazil and the Portuguese Pedro CabralPedro Cabral Organization and structure of Organization and structure of
BrazilBrazil Economic opportunitiesEconomic opportunities
Brazilian plantation
British and French British and French Exploration in North AmericaExploration in North America
Explorers
John Cabot
Gaspar Corte-Real
Giovannida
Verrazano
JacquesCartier
HenryHudson
The French in North AmericaThe French in North America
Samuel de ChamplainSamuel de Champlain FursFurs Jesuit missionariesJesuit missionaries
Champlain in Quebec
Further French ColonizationFurther French Colonization
Mississippi and LouisianaMississippi and Louisiana New France remained smallNew France remained small
La Salle in Mississippi
English ExplorationEnglish Exploration
Henry VIII Henry VIII Wants to find Wants to find
“Northwest Passage” “Northwest Passage” to Asiato Asia
failsfails
Henry VIII
English Colonization English Colonization in North Americain North America
Slow colonization but sped up in 1600sSlow colonization but sped up in 1600s Roanoke: failed colonyRoanoke: failed colony Jamestown: first permanent Jamestown: first permanent
settlementsettlement The 13 coloniesThe 13 colonies Causes of migrationCauses of migration
English MotviesEnglish Motvies
economic opportunities, like many of those economic opportunities, like many of those who settled in Virginia. who settled in Virginia.
relief from religious persecution in relief from religious persecution in England. England. Catholics in MarylandCatholics in MarylandPuritans in MassachusettsPuritans in MassachusettsQuakers in PennsylvaniaQuakers in Pennsylvania
The Role of Trading The Role of Trading CompaniesCompanies
EssentialElements
Joint-stock- investors buy stock, combine wealth
Private endeavors-
no gov’t intervention
Granted charters
Joint-Stock CompaniesJoint-Stock Companies
Joint-stock companyJoint-stock company lets investors share lets investors share risk, profits of businessrisk, profits of businessBuy stockBuy stockGet charter from King to establish colonyGet charter from King to establish colony
help fund colonies in America: Jamestownhelp fund colonies in America: Jamestown•
Triangular Trade: ReviewTriangular Trade: Review
United States, Brazil
Spain, Portugal
Ghana, Nigeria
Rum too
The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange
Plants, animals, and foodstuffs
Migration of people (voluntary and involuntary)
Disease: smallpox- killed Natives
Columbian Exchange:Columbian Exchange:Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals
From the Americas:
Potatoes: most important Pumpkin
Maize/corn: 2nd most Beans
Cocoa Squash
Peanuts Tobacco
Pineapple Tomatoes
Turkeys Llamas
Quinine: treated malaria Avocados
Columbian Exchange:Columbian Exchange:Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals
From Europe:
Wheat Pigs
Cauliflower Sheep
Cabbage Horse
Citrus Fruits Cattle
Peas Onion
Clover
Effects of Columbian ExchangeEffects of Columbian Exchange
In EuropeIn Europe-More food=more people-More food=more people-quinine helped them -quinine helped them
colonize Africacolonize Africa--
In AmericasIn Americas-horse helps -horse helps Europeans defeat/ Europeans defeat/
colonize Nativescolonize Natives-Natives use horse on -Natives use horse on
plainsplains-grains for farming-grains for farming-weeds came too-weeds came too
Columbian Exchange:Columbian Exchange:European DiseasesEuropean Diseases
European diseases European diseases kill millions of kill millions of NativesNatives
Smallpox, measles, Smallpox, measles, influenza, and influenza, and whooping coughwhooping cough
Smallpox victim
Development of Global TradeDevelopment of Global Trade
World World connected by connected by tradetrade
Mining in the colonies
Changing EconomiesChanging Economies
Wealth from Americas, growth of trade Wealth from Americas, growth of trade changes business in Europechanges business in Europe
New economic system—New economic system—capitalismcapitalism——based on private property, profitbased on private property, profit
Inflation occurs: prices rise when supply is Inflation occurs: prices rise when supply is less than demandless than demand
New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy
Policy of Policy of mercantilismmercantilism emphasizes national emphasizes national wealth as source of powerwealth as source of power
2 Ways to get wealth2 Ways to get wealth
1. 1. gather gold, silvergather gold, silver
2. Favorable balance of trade: 2. Favorable balance of trade: nation sells nation sells
more goods than it buysmore goods than it buys
Colonies provide: gold, raw materials used to Colonies provide: gold, raw materials used to make goods(cotton), and market to sell goodsmake goods(cotton), and market to sell goods
Effects of Economic RevolutionEffects of Economic Revolution
Towns growTowns growMerchants gain wealthMerchants gain wealthEuropean nations wealthy and more European nations wealthy and more
powerfulpowerful
Explorers Explorers in thein the
New World: North New World: North AmericaAmerica
English
Dutch
North America
Spain
French
The French in North AmericaThe French in North America
• Looking for water route Looking for water route to Pacificto Pacific• Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage
• New France: QuebecNew France: Quebec• Also explored Great Also explored Great
Lakes, Mississippi RiverLakes, Mississippi River• Dominate fur tradeDominate fur trade• Jesuit missionaries Jesuit missionaries
arrivearrive• New France remained New France remained
smallsmall
Champlain in Quebec
French ExplorersFrench Explorers
Cartier: founded MontrealCartier: founded Montreal Champlain: founded New France and city of Champlain: founded New France and city of
QuebecQuebec Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet
traveled into Wisconsin and discovered the traveled into Wisconsin and discovered the upper Mississippi Valley.upper Mississippi Valley.
Further French ColonizationFurther French Colonization
Robert Cavelier Robert Cavelier de La Salle de La Salle followed the followed the Mississippi River Mississippi River all the way south all the way south to the Gulf of to the Gulf of Mexico Mexico Mississippi and Mississippi and
Louisiana Louisiana established. established. New Orleans New Orleans establishedestablished
La Salle in Mississippi
The DutchThe Dutch
1609 Henry Hudson 1609 Henry Hudson explores waterways explores waterways for the Dutch for the Dutch (Netherlands)(Netherlands)
Dutch claim land, Dutch claim land, found New Netherlandfound New Netherland—now Albany, New —now Albany, New York CityYork City
Dutch focus on fur Dutch focus on fur tradetrade
Colonizing the CaribbeanColonizing the CaribbeanEuropean nations start colonies in the European nations start colonies in the
CaribbeanCaribbeanLarge cotton and sugar plantations work Large cotton and sugar plantations work
by slavesby slaves
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals