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The Age of Religious WarsHistory 104 / January 18, 2013
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Pope Gregory XIII decrees adoption
of theGregorian calendar
(1582)
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The reform enacted, October 1582
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Acceptance of the Gregorian calendar in Europe
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Philip IIKing of Spain, 1556-
1598
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The iconoclast riot by Calvinists in Antwerp (1566)
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The Duke of Albaand the “Spanish Road”
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Alba’s forces root out Calvinistsin the southern Netherlands
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The “sea beggars” evade Alba and keep control of the northern Netherlands
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Spain’s “Invincible Armada” off the coast of England, July 1588
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The route (and rout)of the Spanish Armada
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Frederick V,the “Winter King”
King of Bohemia,1618-1620
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The defenestration of Prague (1618)(= tossing emissaries of the Holy Roman Empire out the window)
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Outside the window
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Ferdinand IIHoly Roman Emperor,
1619-1637
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The Emperor’s generals: Tilly and Wallenstein
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Gustavus Adolphus, the “Lion of the North”King of Sweden, 1611-1632
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Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany (1631)
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Velasquez, The Surrender at Breda
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Jacques Callot, Miseries of War: The Hanging (1633)
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Miseries of War: The Firing Squad and The Strappado
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Plundering soldier
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The Peace of Westphalia (1648)