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The Australian Nitrous Oxide Research Program (NORP)
Peter Grace
n2o.net.auN2O Network
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Acknowledgements
• Graeme Schwenke (NSW I&I)• Louie Barton (UWA)• Clemens Scheer (QUT)• Sally Officer & Kevin Kelly (Vic DPI)• Weijin Wang (Qld DERM)• Deli Chen & Helen Suter (Uni Melb.)
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Why N2O?
• Global warming potential is 300 x CO2
• Principally emitted from N sources applied to soils• Intimately linked to crop and pasture production
and resource use efficiency (profitability)• Mitigation is a permanent, avoided emission
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Why N2O?
NH4+ NO3+
N2O
N2
N2O
Nitrification Denitrification
Fertiliser etc
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Why N2O?
NH4+ NO3
+
N2O
N2
N2O
Nitrification Denitrification
Soil water content
< Field capacity Saturated
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Why N2O?
NH4+ NO3
+
N2O
N2
N2O
Nitrification Denitrification
LABILECARBON
Soil water content
< Field capacity Saturated
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Why N2O?
NH4+ NO3
+
N2O
N2
N2O
Nitrification Denitrification
N2/N2O = 30+
Soil water content
< Field capacity Saturated
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NORP Objectives• Reduced uncertainty re the magnitude of N2O,
CH4 and CO2 emissions in response to management.
• Evidence based mitigation practices and systems.
• Improve the accuracy of simulation models and the national greenhouse gas inventory.
• Provide technical support for NAMI (National Adaptation and Mitigation Initiative)
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NORP Core Field Sites
Wongan Hills
Terang
Hamilton
Tamworth`
Mackay
Kingsthorpe
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NORP Core Field Sites
Wongan Hills
Terang
Hamilton
Tamworth`
Mackay
KingsthorpeRainfed grains
Rainfed grains
Rainfed grains
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Wongan Hills, Western AustraliaLouise Barton, UWARainfed, lupin-wheat & wheat-wheat rotation
•Reducing N2O emissions by raising soil pH (via liming).•Reducing CO2 emissions from urea by substituting urea with grain-legume fixed N.
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Tamworth, New South WalesGraeme Schwenke, I&I NSWRainfed grains
•Reducing N2O emissions through inclusion of grain. legumes to reduce N fertilizer inputs within a rotation.
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Hamilton, VictoriaSally Officer, DPI VicRainfed, legume/wheat rotation after pasture
•N2O and CO2 emissions from direct drilled and conventionally sown legume/wheat rotations, with and without the use of nitrification inhibitors.
Late August Early October Late November
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NORP Core Field Sites
Wongan Hills
Terang
Hamilton
Tamworth`
Mackay
KingsthorpeRainfed grains
Rainfed grains
Irrigated grains/cotton
Rainfed grains/sugar cane
Rainfed grains
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Kingsthorpe, QueenslandPeter Grace, Queensland University of TechnologyIrrigated cotton-grains
•Reducing N2O emissions through irrigation and nitrogen management.
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NORP Core Field Sites
Wongan Hills
Terang
Hamilton
Tamworth`
Mackay
KingsthorpeRainfed grains
Rainfed grains
Irrigated grains/cotton
Rainfed grains/sugar cane
Rainfed grains
Dairy
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Terang, VictoriaKevin Kelly, DPI VictoriaPasture systems
•Impact of inhibitors on N2O emissions following the application of urine to high rainfall dairy pastures.
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NORP Core Field Sites
Wongan Hills
Terang
Hamilton
Tamworth`
Mackay
KingsthorpeRainfed grains
Rainfed grains
Rainfed grains/sugar cane
Rainfed grains
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Mackay, QueenslandDr Weijin Wang, Sugar Research & Development CorporationRainfed, sugar cane
• Reducing N fertilizer inputs through use of legume-fixed N. •Impact of nitrification inhibitors on N2O emissions.
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NORP Core Field Sites +
Wongan Hills
Terang
Hamilton
Tamworth`
Mackay
Kingsthorpe
Narrabri
Griffith
Wollongbar
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Daily N2O flux (+/- inhibitor) - dairyTerang (Vic)
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
Aug-09 Oct-09 Dec-09 Feb-10 Apr-10 Jun-10 Aug-10 Oct-10
Flu
x (g
N2O
-N/h
a/d
)
-
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
So
il w
ater
(m
m3/
mm
3)
Urine day 1 Urine day 1 + DCD day 1 Urine day 28 Urine day 28 + DCD day 1 average SW
Kelly et al. unpublished
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Jun-09 Aug-09 Oct-09 Dec-09 Feb-10 Apr-10 Jun-10 Aug-10 Oct-10 Dec-10 Feb-11
N2O
Flu
x (u
g N
2O-N
m-2
h-1
)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 Wheat (+lime) Wheat Fertiliser
Hourly N2O flux – wheatWongan Hills (WA)
Barton et al. unpublished
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Top 10 findings to date• Wide range in N2O emissions
– 0.06 kg N/ha/annum in coarse textured soils of the WA wheat belt to > 1 kg N/ha/day from high carbon soils of SE Victoria.
• Highest emissions – High rainfall pasture (dairy) systems (SE Aust.)– High rainfall residue retained cane systems (NE Aust.)– High rainfall cropping systems after pasture (SE Aust.)
• Semi-arid continuously cropping systems of Australia are historically low emitters of N2O.
• Irrigated cotton/cereal systems (NE Aust.) historically have low N2O emissions due to residue removal.
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Top 10 findings to date• Wide range in N2O emissions
– 0.06 kg N/ha/annum in coarse textured soils of the WA wheat belt to > 1 kg N/ha/day from high carbon soils of SE Victoria.
• Highest emissions – High rainfall pasture (dairy) systems (SE Aust.)– High rainfall residue retained cane systems (NE Aust.)– High rainfall cropping systems after pasture (SE Aust.)
• Semi-arid continuously cropping systems of Australia are historically low emitters of N2O.
• Irrigated cotton/cereal systems (NE Aust.) historically have low N2O emissions due to residue removal.
![Page 31: The Australian Nitrous Oxide Research Program - Peter Grace](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051208/5464b87caf795950608b5f1a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Top 10 findings to date• Wide range in N2O emissions
– 0.06 kg N/ha/annum in coarse textured soils of the WA wheat belt to > 1 kg N/ha/day from high carbon soils of SE Victoria.
• Highest emissions – High rainfall pasture (dairy) systems (SE Aust.)– High rainfall residue retained cane systems (NE Aust.)– High rainfall cropping systems after pasture (SE Aust.)
• Semi-arid continuously cropping systems of Australia are historically low emitters of N2O.
• Irrigated cotton/cereal systems (NE Aust.) historically have low N2O emissions due to residue removal.
![Page 32: The Australian Nitrous Oxide Research Program - Peter Grace](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051208/5464b87caf795950608b5f1a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Top 10 findings to date• Wide range in N2O emissions
– 0.06 kg N/ha/annum in coarse textured soils of the WA wheat belt to > 1 kg N/ha/day from high carbon soils of SE Victoria.
• Highest emissions – High rainfall pasture (dairy) systems (SE Aust.)– High rainfall residue retained cane systems (NE Aust.)– High rainfall cropping systems after pasture (SE Aust.)
• Semi-arid continuously cropping systems of Australia are historically low emitters of N2O.
• Irrigated cotton/cereal systems (NE Aust.) historically have low N2O emissions due to residue removal.
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Top 10 findings to date• Nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) potentially
reduces N2O emissions from urine deposition by 40%.• Residue retained soils in cane have sufficient C inputs to
produce of CH4 if waterlogged for prolonged period. • Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers (EEFs) have potential for
reducing N2O emissions but highly variable and site specific.
• Farming system history plays a highly significant roles in the magnitude of N2O emissions.
![Page 34: The Australian Nitrous Oxide Research Program - Peter Grace](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051208/5464b87caf795950608b5f1a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Top 10 findings to date• Nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) potentially
reduces N2O emissions from urine deposition by 40%.• Residue retained soils in cane have sufficient C inputs to
produce of CH4 if waterlogged for prolonged period. • Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers (EEFs) have potential for
reducing N2O emissions but highly variable and site specific.
• Farming system history plays a highly significant roles in the magnitude of N2O emissions.
![Page 35: The Australian Nitrous Oxide Research Program - Peter Grace](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051208/5464b87caf795950608b5f1a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Top 10 findings to date• Nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) potentially
reduces N2O emissions from urine deposition by 40%.• Residue retained soils in cane have sufficient C inputs to
produce of CH4 if waterlogged for prolonged period. • Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers (EEFs) have potential for
reducing N2O emissions but highly variable and site specific.
• Farming system history plays a highly significant roles in the magnitude of N2O emissions.
![Page 36: The Australian Nitrous Oxide Research Program - Peter Grace](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051208/5464b87caf795950608b5f1a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Top 10 findings to date• Nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) potentially
reduces N2O emissions from urine deposition by 40%.• Residue retained soils in cane have sufficient C inputs to
produce of CH4 if waterlogged for prolonged period. • Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers (EEFs) have potential for
reducing N2O emissions but highly variable and site specific.
• Farming system history plays a highly significant roles in the magnitude of N2O emissions.
![Page 37: The Australian Nitrous Oxide Research Program - Peter Grace](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051208/5464b87caf795950608b5f1a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Top 10 findings to date• Magnitude of N2O emissions is heavily dependent on
the ability to produce and retain significantly large amounts of biomass and readily decomposable carbon.
• Tendency for increased inputs of carbon in irrigated and medium-high rainfall cropping systems of NE Aust. (i.e. retaining residues and use of legume N sources) will potentially increase N2O emissions.
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Top 10 findings to date• Magnitude of N2O emissions is heavily dependent on
the ability to produce and retain significantly large amounts of biomass and readily decomposable carbon.
• Tendency for increased inputs of carbon in irrigated and medium-high rainfall cropping systems of NE Aust. (i.e. retaining residues and use of legume N sources) will potentially increase N2O emissions.
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22 42 6230
50
70
90
110
130
150
N rate
N e
mis
sio
ns N2O – without carbon
Labile carbon and N2O emissions in cropping systems
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22 42 6230
50
70
90
110
130
150
N rate
N e
mis
sio
ns N2O – without carbon
N2O – with carbon
Labile carbon and N2O emissions in cropping systems
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22 42 6230
50
70
90
110
130
150
N rate
Yie
ld/N
em
issi
on
s YIELD
N2O
Labile carbon and N2O emissions in cropping systems
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20080
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80NUE
(kg grain/ kg N ap-plied)
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (Cereals)*
*FAOSTAT
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Regional N2O Emission Potential
Low
Medium
High
No data/uncertainGrace et al. unpublished
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Conclusions• Increased emphasis on carbon farming and a wide variety
of carbon enhancing strategies (proven and unproven) will potentially have a major impact on N2O emissions.
• Maintaining profitability requires an emphasis on reducing emissions intensity (GHGs/unit product) not just GHGs in isolation.
• The significant variability in the impact of management practices, rotations, EEFs and nitrogen inputs across a wide range of climates and soils underscores the need for increased use of a variety of simulation modelling techniques to predict the behaviour of mitigation practices in different situations.
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Conclusions• Increased emphasis on carbon farming and a wide variety
of carbon enhancing strategies (proven and unproven) will potentially have a major impact on N2O emissions.
• Productive and profitable farming requires an emphasis on reducing emissions intensity (GHGs/unit product) not just GHGs in isolation.
• The significant variability in the impact of management practices, rotations, EEFs and nitrogen inputs across a wide range of climates and soils underscores the need for increased use of a variety of simulation modelling techniques to predict the behaviour of mitigation practices in different situations.
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Irrigation management – wheatKingsthorpe (Qld)
Treatment Irrigated Optimum Dryland
Average Flux (g N2O-N/ha/day)
5.5 3.2 3.3
Seasonal Flux (kg N2O-N/ha)
0.75 0.43 0.45
Emissions factor (%) 0.38 0.22 0.23
Irrigation/rain (mm) 417 315 219
Yield (t/ha) 3.1 1.9 1.6
Emissions intensity (kg N2O-N/t yield)
0.25 0.27 0.33
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Irrigation management – wheatKingsthorpe (Qld)
Treatment Irrigated Optimum Dryland
Average Flux (g N2O-N/ha/day)
5.5 3.2 3.3
Seasonal Flux (kg N2O-N/ha)
0.75 0.43 0.45
Emissions factor (%) 0.38 0.22 0.23
Irrigation/rain (mm) 417 315 219
Yield (t/ha) 3.1 1.9 1.6
Emissions intensity (kg N2O-N/t yield)
0.25 0.27 0.33
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Irrigation management – wheatKingsthorpe (Qld)
Treatment Irrigated Optimum Dryland
Average Flux (g N2O-N/ha/day)
5.5 3.2 3.3
Seasonal Flux (kg N2O-N/ha)
0.75 0.43 0.45
Emissions factor (%) 0.38 0.22 0.23
Irrigation/rain (mm) 417 315 219
Yield (t/ha) 3.1 1.9 1.6
Emissions intensity (kg N2O-N/t yield)
0.25 0.27 0.33
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Conclusions• Increased emphasis on carbon farming and a wide
variety of carbon enhancing strategies (proven and unproven) will potentially have a major impact on N2O emissions.
• Maintaining productivity & profitability requires an emphasis on reducing emissions intensity (GHGs/unit product) not just GHGs in isolation.
• Variability in the impact of management practices, rotations, EEFs and nitrogen inputs across climates and soils emphasises the need for increased use of a variety of simulation modelling techniques to predict the behaviour of mitigation practices in different situations.
![Page 50: The Australian Nitrous Oxide Research Program - Peter Grace](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051208/5464b87caf795950608b5f1a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
THANK YOU