The Building of European Supremacy
2nd Industrial Revolution Henry Bessemer- discovered a way to Henry Bessemer- discovered a way to
produce steel cheaply at large quantities.produce steel cheaply at large quantities.
The Solway Process
Allowed for the recovery of chemical Allowed for the recovery of chemical byproducts. (sulfuric acid, soap)byproducts. (sulfuric acid, soap)
Plastics and dyes also developed.Plastics and dyes also developed.
Electricity
11stst public power plant in Britain in 1881. public power plant in Britain in 1881.
Gottlieb Daimler Invented the modern internal combustion Invented the modern internal combustion
engine.engine.
Henry Ford Made the automobile accessible to the Made the automobile accessible to the
masses.masses.
Economic difficulties Agriculture declined due to bad weather Agriculture declined due to bad weather
and foreign competition.and foreign competition. Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.
Petite Bourgeoisie Emerged
The lower middle class (white collar The lower middle class (white collar workers).workers).
Secretaries, clerks, lower-level govt Secretaries, clerks, lower-level govt officials.officials.
The New Paris Eiffel Tower built in 1889.Eiffel Tower built in 1889. Streets opened up.Streets opened up. Seine River, no longer an open sewer.Seine River, no longer an open sewer.
Development of Suburbs
Costs within cities grew exponentially.Costs within cities grew exponentially. European suburbs consisted of apartment European suburbs consisted of apartment
buildings or private houses closely packed buildings or private houses closely packed together.together.
Cholera Epidemic in 1830’s-1840’s.Epidemic in 1830’s-1840’s. Reason: pollution.Reason: pollution.
New Water and Sewer Systems
Mortality rates dropped.Mortality rates dropped. Human excrement disposed.Human excrement disposed. Clean water free from bacteria.Clean water free from bacteria.
Public Health Informers
Louis Pasteur- FranceLouis Pasteur- France Robert Koch- GermanyRobert Koch- Germany Joseph Lister- BritainJoseph Lister- Britain