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The California Central Valley Groundwater-Surface Water Simulation Model (C2VSIM)
Charles BrushHydrology & Operations, Bay-Delta Office
California Department of Water Resources
Sacramento, CA
2008 Geology SymposiumMay 28-29, 2008
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Acknowledgements
Tariq Kadir, Can Dogrul, Francis ChungMichael Moncrief and Jeff Galef
California Department of Water Resources
Steve Shultz and Dan WendellCH2MHill
Matt TonkinSS Papadopolous & Associates
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Outline
Development of California’s Central ValleyModeling Tools: IWFM and C2VSIMOverview of the C2VSIM modelModel Calibration and PerformanceIn-Lieu Conjunctive Use ScenarioClimate Change ScenariosSummary
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Historical Central Valley Land Use
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Central Valley Water Development• 1850 - 1900 Introduction of agriculture• 1890 - 1930 Local surface water projects
Ag expansion, re-purpose mining canals
• 1910 - 1970 Groundwater expansionAg follows electricity & population
• 1930 - 1980 Large surface water projects• 1960 - 1990 Switch to surface water
Distribution system is completed
• 1980 - present Conjunctive useGroundwater in dry years
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Components of the Hydrologic System
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Groundwater Model Components
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Integrated Model Components
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IWFM - Integrated Water Flow Model
� Components• Groundwater Flow Process
• Finite Element Grid• Saturated and unsaturated flow
• Land Surface Process• Precipitation and Evapotranspiration• Land Type and Crop Acreages• Irrigation with Surface Water & Groundwater
• Surface Water Processes• Streamflow routing• Lakes• Surface Water Diversions
• Inflows from Ungaged Boundary Watersheds
� Outputs:• Water Budget Components• Estimated Groundwater Pumping
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Groundwater Model Components
Component SourceParameters calibration: WY 1973-2003
Initial conditions water-level observations, 10/1921 or 10/1972
Boundary conditions - Precipitation & evapotranspiration- Surface water inflows & diversions
Recharge & Pumping calc - Land use & crop acreages- Crop coefficients- Soil type, SCS curve number- Pump locations (well database)
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C2VSIM Model GridFinite Element Grid
• 3 layers• 1393 nodes• 1392 elements
Surface Water System• 75 river reaches• 2 lakes• 97 surface water diversion
points• 6 bypasses
Land Use Process• 21 subregions• 4 Land Use Types
• Agriculture• Urban• Native• Riparian
Simulation periods• 10/1921-9/2003• 10/1972-9/2003 (<4 min)
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C2VSIM SubregionsWater Budget Calculations
• Land use by element• Aggregate to subregion
By land use in subregion:• Calculate water demands• Apply soil moisture• Apply surface water
diversions• Apply/estimate
groundwater pumping• Calculate soil moisture,
recharge, return flowsAllocate to elements by land
use areas
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Changes Since Initial CalibrationR305 of July 2006 to R323 of May 2008
� Model-wide changes• IWFM 2.4.1 to IWFM 3.0 (time tracking)• Elemental monthly precipitation from PRISM• Pumping distribution matches well completion database• Map-based small-stream watersheds with SSURGO parameters
� Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta• Constant-head groundwater nodes to variable-head nodes• Extended river system to Carquinez Straits• Variable-stage river node rating curves
� Tulare Basin• Removed external flow of lake water• Added Kern River Flood Channel, Tulare Lake outflow
Recent changes to the Tulare Basin hydrology will require some additional calibration of parameters in Kern County (SR 19-21)
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Examples of Elemental DataAnnual Average Precipitation Hydrologic Soil Group
(1971-2000)
C2VSIM usesmonthly precipitation for each element fromPRISM, 10/1921-9/2003
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C2VSIM Land Use 2003
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C2VSIM Diversions
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C2VSIM Groundwater Pumping
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C2VSIM Initial CalibrationPilot Points
140 in layers 1 & 2 39 in layer 3 19 for Corcoran Clay
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C2VSIM Initial CalibrationObservations
221 groundwater head 9 river flow9 head gradient 34 stream-groundwater
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Hydraulic Conductivity
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Specific Yield & Kv of Corcoran Clay
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Streambed Conductance
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C2VSIM Performance – HeadsR305 – Initial Calibration
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C2VSIM Performance - Flows
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C2VSIM Performance – RMSE and BIAS
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Groundwater Pumping
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Stream-Aquifer Interaction
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Change in Groundwater Storage
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Simulated Water Budget Components
011,250,690-8,287,438-8,739-1,255,821-1,701,592Model Area
58,7946,350,697-3,807,986-9,533-485,561-2,109,300Tulare Basin
-174,1961,935,691-1,414,172798-499,100150,969San Joaquin Basin
214,631308,327-771,92550109,888139,029Eastside Streams
-114,136430,915-204,022-105-30,188-82,464Delta
14,9082,225,060-2,089,33351-350,859200,174Sacramento Valley
InterbasinFlowsRechargePumpageSubsidence
Stream LeakageStorage
Average Annual Rates for Water Years 1975-2003
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Simulated Water Budget Components
27,830,62515,287,43126,783,33230,923,480Model Area
10,596,4233,584,8711,179,0013,220,309Tulare Basin
5,544,7592,521,0494,535,4375,820,154San Joaquin Basin
1,683,9611,405,9001,443,8711,307,325Eastside Streams
1,533,207926,26525,564,48631,005,209Delta
8,472,2766,849,34617,759,80119,955,538Sacramento Valley
Actual Evapo-
transpirationPrecipitationSurface Water
Outflows*Surface Water
Inflows*
Average Annual Rates for Water Years 1975-2003
* Surface water inflows and outflows do not add up across hydrologic regions
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Water Budget
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Proposed Participants• 29 Districts• 293 wells• 187,633 AF/year
Operate “non-wet” years• 1973 1 yr• 1976-81 6 yrs• 1985 1 yr• 1987-94 8 yrs• 2000-03 4 yrs
Analyze a Conjunctive Use Scenario (In-Lieu Pumping)
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ONAN8.212003OND5.861987
OND6.352002OFFW9.961986
OND5.762001OND6.471985
ONAN8.942000OFFW101984
OFFW9.81999OFFW15.291983
OFFW13.311998OFFW12.761982
OFFW10.821997OND6.211981
OFFW10.261996ONAN9.041980
OFFW12.891995ONBN6.671979
ONC5.021994ONAN8.651978
ONAN8.541993ONC3.111977
ONC4.061992ONC5.291976
ONC4.211991OFFW9.351975
ONC4.811990OFFW12.991974
OND6.131989ONAN8.581973
ONC4.651988-BN7.291972
OperationYr-typeIndexYearOperationYr-typeIndexYear
SVWMPWY IndexWaterSVWMPWY IndexWater
Sacramento River IndexProject Project
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C2VSIM Simulation of a Proposed In-Lieu Groundwater Pumping Program
Identify individual wells and pumping ratesPrepare IWFM input files• October 1972 through September 2003• Pumps on in non-wet yearsC2VSIM runs1. Turn on groundwater adjustment2. Turn on surface water adjustment3. Turn on SVWMP wells & reduce diversions in
non-wet years (Sacramento River Index)
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Change in River Flow
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20022001
Years of Operation1973 1 yr1976-81 6 yrs1985 1 yr1987-94 8 yrs2000-03 4 yrs
Summer Flow Increase at Freeport vs. Years of Sequential OperationScenario vs. Base Case, Sacramento River at Freeport
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C2VSIM Simulation of Reduced Surface Water Availability Scenarios
Simulate 30%, 50% and 70% reduction for 10, 20, 30 and 60 years• October 2003 as initial condition• 10-yr run-up, drought period, 10-yr recoveryClimate model results to Calsim for rim inflows• Prepare C2VSIM inflow & diversion filesC2VSIM runs1. Turn on groundwater adjustment2. Post-process results
Joint LBNL-DWR Project
“Drought Resilience Of The California Central Valley Surface-Groundwater-Conveyance System” by N. L. Miller et al. Submitted to J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. April 2008.
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10 YEARS 30 YEARS 60 YEARS
Relative WT Change (Feet)
Central Valley Water Table ‘Relative’ ResponseJoint LBNL-DWR Drought Simulation
30-percent reduction in surface water inflows
“Drought Resilience Of The California Central Valley Surface-Groundwater-Conveyance System” by N. L. Miller et al. Submitted to J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. April 2008.
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10 YEARS 30 YEARS 60 YEARS
Relative WT Change (Feet)
Central Valley Water Table ‘Relative’ ResponseJoint LBNL-DWR Drought Simulation
70-percent reduction in surface water inflows
“Drought Resilience Of The California Central Valley Surface-Groundwater-Conveyance System” by N. L. Miller et al. Submitted to J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. April 2008.
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Summary
� C2VSIM model performs well• Regional parameters provide good results• Lots of information – areal recharge, storage, GW-SW• Groundwater pumping estimates look reasonable• Subregional ‘virtual farms’ limit spatial resolution
� Model improvements• Need to refine parameters for Kern County• Further spatial refinement of parameters (pilot points)• Increase calibration data set (observations)
• especially vertical head gradients and stream-groundwater flow• Review selected water budget components:
• Aquifer storage and recovery programs (direct recharge & pumping)• Groundwater exports• High wet-season diversions (refuges?)• Check crop ET values• Verify simulated runoff
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