Download - The Cellular Level of Organization –Part B
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The Cellular Level of Organization –Part B
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Cytoplasm
• Cytosol – Semifluid, mostly water– Protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and inorganic
substances (ions)– Many important metabolic reactions take
place here– Cytoplasm is the cytosol plus the organelles
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Organelles
“little organs” – have characteristic appearance and have specialized functions in cell growth, maintenance, repair and control.
Number and types of organelle vary with cell.
Two basic types:
nonmembranous
membranous
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Ribosomes
• Made of ribosomal RNA and protein– Free and associated with the endoplasmic
reticulum ( fixed ribosomes)– Site of protein synthesis– Nonmembranous, Temporary structures made
of large and small subunits
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Proteasomes
• Hollow cylinders which contain protein- digesting enzymes ( proteases)
• Remove and recycle damaged or denatured proteins
• Also play a role in the immune response
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Endo – within Plasm – cytoplasm Reticulum - network
Can be rough or smooth
Rough ER has ribosomes, makes proteins for export outside of cell
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol
• Synthesis of steroid hormones
• Synthesis and storage of triglycerides
• Synthesis and storage of glycogen
• Storage of ions ( e.g. Ca++ in muscle)
• Detoxification and inactivation of drugs
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Gogli apparatus (body, complex)
Made of flattened sacs called cisternaecis, medial, trans
-Process, sort and deliver proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane-forms vesicles and lysosomes.-forms new plasma membrane
The “UPS” of the cell
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Vesicles• Membrane bound sacs
• Formed during endocytosis or by golgi apparatus
• Transport
• Renew membrane – membrane flow
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LysosomesThe cell’s “stomach” – vesicles that contain digestive enzymes.
Primary lysosomes contain inactive enzymeswork at low pH
Found in large numbers in white blood cells
Intracellular digestion ( phagocytosis etc.)worn-out organelles ( autophagy)digestion of cell contents (autolysis)
Tay-Sachs disease
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Peroxisomes
• Smaller than lysosomes
• Enzymes use molecular oxygen to oxidize substances
• Reactions produce Hydrogen Peroxide- H2O2
– Free radicals
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MitochondriaMitochondrion – singular
Two membranes – inner folds called cristae. Main function is the use of oxygen to produce ATP – cellular (aerobic) respiration
These are the “power plants” of the cell.
Have their own DNA and RNA
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Centrosomes and Centrioles
Centrioles are 2 cylinders of tubules arranged at right angles.
9 + 0 array
Form the microtubules of the mitotic spindle during cell division, and also make up a part of cilia and flagella
Heart of the cytoskeleton
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Flagella and cilia
• Cilia – “eyelashes” cilium
• 9+2 array
• Anchored to basal body
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Flagella
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Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
Give the cell shape, and allow it to move – the Musculoskeletal system of the cell.
Myofilaments are made of the protein actin
Myotubules are made of the protein tubulin
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Inclusions
Usually contain chemical substances produced by the cell, these are temporary structures that are not surrounded by a membrane.
Melanin, glycogen, triglycerides
ribosomes
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Nucleus
• Double membrane called the nuclear envelope
• Nucleoplasm
• Chromatin granules – unwound DNA
• Nucleoli – puts RNA and protein together to make ribosomes
• Nucleus is essential for cell survival
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The Cell Cycle
• Nuclear division (mitosis or meiosis)
• Cytoplasmic division – cytokinesis
• Mitosis is somatic (body) cell division
• Meiosis is reproductive cell division
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MitosisHomologous chromosomes
Cell cycle – from one cell division to the next
Interphase – “resting phase”
G1 – Gap1 – growth phase
S – Synthesis – replication of DNA
G2 – Gap 2
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Nuclear division – mitosis or karyokinesis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
PMAT
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Cytokinesis
• Contractile ring of actin microfilament
• Cleavage furrow
• Two new daughter cells
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GPCR
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GPCR
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Steroid receptors
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Control of cell division
• How many times a cell divides depends on the type of cell
• Stem cells retain the ability to divide and differentiate
• Cell senescence
• Telomeres
• Levels of proteins called kinases and cyclins
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Control – contd.
• Cell size
• External factors –hormones and growth factors
• Contact inhibition
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Loss of control over division
• Neoplasm or tumor
• Benign tumors remain in a single location
• Malignant tumors (cancer) can spread or metastasize
• Oncogenes – want these turned “off”
• Tumor suppressor genes – want these turned “on”
• Apoptosis
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