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The Church and Society
Chapter 15
Section 4
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New Religious Orders
• The Cisterian monks farmed the land as well as worshiped and prayed
• They developed many new farming techniques.
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Medieval Nuns
• Many women from noble families entered convents.
• Women who were scholars found the convents ideal places to study and write.
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Hildegard of Bingen
• Hildegard headed a convent in Germany.
• She composed music for the Church.
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The Friars
• Friars differed from monks. They did not stay at the monasteries.
• They went out into the world to preach.
• They lived by begging.
• The first order of friars was founded by Francis of Assisi.
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The Role of Religion
• Daily life in the Middle Ages revolved around the Church.
• Priests ran the schools and hospitals.
• On Sundays and holy days, went to mass.
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The Sacraments
• Church rituals were called sacraments.• The most important of these was
communion, in which people took bread and wine to remind them of Jesus’ death.
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The Sacraments
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1. Baptism
2. Confirmation
3. COMMUNION
4. Holy Matrimony
5. Marriage
6. Holy Orders
7. Penance
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The Saints
• Many Christians also prayed to saints.
• Saints were holy men and women who died and were believed to be in heaven.
• The most honored of the saints was Mary, the mother of Jesus.
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The Inquisition
• The Church tried to put an end to heresy, or religious beliefs that conflict with Church teachings.
• The Inquisition, or Church court tried heretics.
• If they confesses they were punished and returned to the Church.
• If they refused to confess, they could be executed!
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Anti-Semitism
• Many Europeans hated Jews.• When disease or economic problems
arose, people blamed the Jews.• Hatred of Jews is known as anti-
Semitism.• Jew were made to live in separate
communities called ghettos.
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Jewish Expulsions c. 1100–1500
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Chapter 15-4 part 2
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Medieval Architecture
• Religion was an important part of life and society in the Middle Ages.
• As result Church leaders and wealthy merchants paid to build large new churches called cathedrals.
• They were built in the Romanesque or Gothic style.
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Romanesque Style
• The Romanesque churches were rectangular buildings with long, rounded roofs called barrel vaults.
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Romanesque Cathedrals
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Romanesque• This style refers to
the manner of Roman architect.
• The buildings were massive structures.
• They resembled fortresses with thick towers and roofs
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Small windows means
dim interior
Rounded arches
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Romanesque Arch
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Gothic Churches
• Gothic cathedrals had ribbed vaults and pointed arches instead of rounded barrel vaults.
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• Castles became unpopular
• Cities were growing and thriving
• Italian fresco artist Giotto
• Money replaces land as wealth
• Cathedrals created seats for bishops
• Pointed arches to help push support to the exterior
• More windows• Stain glass- taught the
bible• External support
system improved -flying buttress
• Taller and weightless
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Gothic Cathedrals
• This style of cathedral reached towards the heavens with tall, slender towers, flying buttresses, and were adorned with huge windows of stained glass.
• The cathedrals took the general shape of a cross or crucifix.
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Features of the Gothic Cathedral
• Pointed arch
• Flying buttresses
• Vaults
• Gargoyles
• Stained glass windows
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The pointed arch
• Having the arch meet at an angle, rather than a curve added strength
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Flying Buttresses
• Flying buttresses reach over a side aisle to support the heavy stone roof of the cathedral
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Vaults
• These were internal supports of the cathedral ceiling.
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Gargoyles• These were
carved down spouts, through which the water from the roof fell to the ground.
• They were carved to look like frightening creatures, that appeared to be spitting the water on the ground.
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Stained Glass Windows
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The Rose Window
• Stained glass windows let light into the cathedral.
• The windows often told stories with the glass pictures.
• Most cathedrals had a rose window at the entrance of the cathedral.
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Romanesque
or
Gothic?
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Romanesque
Rounded arches
Thick walls and few windows
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Romanesque vs: GothicThick walls Thin walls
Few windows Stain glass windows
Rock buttress Flying buttress
Dim interior Bright interior
Wealth = land Wealth = money
Rounded arches Pointed arches
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The First Universities
• Two of the first universities were in in Bologna, Italy and Paris, France.
• They were created to educate and train scholars.
• Students studied grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.
• Students did not have books.
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Universities
• The students studied for four to six years.
• Then a committee of teachers gave them an oral exam.
• They could earn a doctor’s degree in law, medicine, or theology, the study of religion.
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Thomas Aquinas
• A new way of thinking called scholasticism began to emerge in the 1100s.
• Followers used reason to explore questions of faith.
• The priest, Thomas Aquinas, was scholasticism’s greatest champion.
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1225–1274Thomas Aquinas
Monte Cassino monasteryThomas Aquinas
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Thomas Aquinas
• Thomas Aquinas wrote several works explaining the teachings of Aristotle and how these teachings would work with Christian ideas.
• He also wrote about the government, with an emphasis on natural law.
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Medieval Language
• Educated people spoke or wrote in Latin. The Church used Latin in its worship and daily affairs.
• The local language used by the people of region for everyday use was called the vernacular language.
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Medieval Literature
• During the 1100s new literature was written in the vernacular.
• Troubadours wrote poems about love.• Heroic epics were written about knights
fighting for the kings and lords.• Geoffrey Chaucer wrote witty tales about
the people of medieval life.