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The Cold War
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Section One: The Cold War Begins
The Cold War is a term used to describe the tensions between the United States and the USSR after WWII.
Social, economic, and political differences were vast
People feared a nuclear holocaust
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Origins of the Cold War The cold war began with mistrust between the Soviet
Union (red) and the western democracies (blue).
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Roots of the Cold War
American and Soviet Systems DifferAllies Disagree on Future of Eastern
EuropeTruman and Stalin Clash at Potsdam
sodahead.com
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American and Soviet Systems Differ
Capitalism vs. Communism Free elections vs. Dictatorship Religious freedom vs. No Religion Private Property vs. “Communal”
government controlled property Respect for Individuals vs.
Obedience to a leader
http://www.designer-daily.com/10-amazing-cold-war-propaganda-posters-2901
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Allies Disagree on Future of Eastern Europe
US, France, and Great Britain wanted a united Germany and independent countries in Eastern Europe
USSR wanted a weaker, divided Germany and wanted to control the formerly independent Eastern European countries.
http://www.english-online.at/history/world-war-2/results-and-aftermath-of-world-war-ii.htm
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Truman and Stalin Clash at Potsdam Stalin refused to uphold
his Yalta promise of free elections in Eastern Europe
Truman thought Stalin would implement expansionist policies echoing those of Hitler and Japan.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/view.php?id=13345&rr=
Clement Atlee
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Meeting the Soviet Challenge Truman Faces a Crisis Truman Doctrine Opposes Communist Expansion
March 5, 1946 – Churchill gave his famous “iron curtain” speech in Fulton, MO
http://www.iancfriedman.com/?p=380
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Truman Faces a Crisis
Truman’s motto “the buck stops here” meant that he knew he had the responsibility for making the hardest decisions.
Governments like Greece and Turkey were turning to the US to help fight communist forces within their countries
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/buckstop.htm
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Truman Doctrine Opposes Communist Expansion
Truman went to Congress to ask for their support in helping Greece and Turkey fight communism.
Congress gave it’s support and the US’s agreement to help countries suppress communist movements became known as the Truman Doctrine.
dipity.com
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Containing Soviet Expansion
Kennan Argues for Containment
Marshall Plan Aids Europe’s Economies
http://online-history.org/US2.htm
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Kennan Argues for Containment George F. Kennan published an article called “The
Sources of Soviet Conduct” in a magazine called Foreign Affairs
Kennan argued that the US should focus on
stopping the spread of communism
instead of trying to get rid of it
altogether
http://www.russilwvong.com/future/kennan.html
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Marshall Plan Aids Europe’s Economies People in Western and Eastern Europe
were suffering after WWII U.S. Secretary of State, George
Marshall, proposed a plan to provide grants, loans, food, and fuel to ailing nations
Stalin refused to allow Eastern European countries to accept the help
Plan stimulated American economy and gained support for fighting communism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan
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Cold War Heats Up Berlin Airlift Saves West Berlin Cold War Rivals Form Alliances http://www.artknowledgenews.com/Henry_Ries.html
http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/111/week_ten.html
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Berlin Airlift Saves West Berlin
June 1948, Stalin blockaded West Berlin from western aid
US and Britain delivered supplies via airplane for almost a year
dipity.com
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Cold War Rivals Form Alliances
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed in 1949 with 12 Western European and North American countries
These countries agreed to mutual military assistance called collective security
In 1955, the USSR and its satellite states formed the Warsaw Pact as a response
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO
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Section Two: The Korean War
The Forgotten War
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1950-53 Sandwiched between
WWII and the Vietnam War, the Korean War is often overlooked but had 140,000 American casualties.
vacationideasguide.com
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Communists Gain Control of China
Civil War Divides China
Communists Win in China
dipity.com
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Civil War Divides China Jiang Jieshi (AKA Chiang Kai-shek) led the
Nationalists had US support Mao Zedong led the Communists had USSR
support They joined forces to fight off Japanese invasion,
but civil war started again after WWII Corrupt Nationalist leaders embezzled US aid
dollars Mao won support by promising to feed the people
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Communists Win in China
In 1948, Mao’s forces won Jiang fled to Taiwan, and
asked America for more help U.S. refused to send more
money to this corrupt leader China becomes the People’s
Republic of China and officially a communist nation
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The Beginnings In WWII, Japan invaded Korea. To force Japan’s surrender, the U.S.
occupied the South and the Soviets occupied the northern part of Korea. (above the 38th Parallel)
Division was supposed to be temporary but different economies developed.
South-Capitalist North- Communist
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North Korea Attacks Initially, both sides refused to give up their
ideologies. June 1950- The Soviets and Americans had
withdrawn so North Korea attacked South Korea.
http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/June/Truman-Orders-Troops-Into-Korea.html
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Truman Responds
Truman said the U.S. would respond with military force…BECAUSE:
1. He thought the Soviets were behind it. 2. Needed to enforce containment policy.
(Domino Theory) 3. Standing down would be appeasement.
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This Oct. 14, 1950, file picture shows Gen. Douglas MacArthur, left, and President Harry Truman in an automobile during a meeting on Wake Island to discuss the Korean War. Truman later told reporters the atomic bombing of North Korea was under consideration. MacArthur had a plan to drop 30 to 50 of the bombs, the general told journalists after the war. Sixty years after the start of the Korean War, recently released declassified documents have helped fill in the history of U.S. nuclear threats against North Korea over the decades. (AP Photo/WA, File)
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U.N. Policing Action Since the U.S. had blocked the admission of
Communist China into the U.N., Taiwan had China’s veto power.
In protest, the USSR walked out. Thus, the U.S. got unanimous approval for the
defense of South Korea. 16 Countries contributed but 80% of troops were
American.
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Douglas MacArthur
MacArthur is appointed overall commander.
By this point, North Korea had nearly taken all of South Korea.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur
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MacArthur’s Plan
Hold ground at Pusan. Attack North Korean
supply line at Inchon. MacArthur pushes
deep into North Korea.
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United States Advance
MacArthur moved quickly despite tough conditions and rugged terrain.
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China Responds
MacArthur ignores China’s warning not to
get too close to China. China enters war and pushes UN troops
back to the 38th. MacArthur wants to use the A-Bomb and start a full
scale war with China Truman refuses, prefers limited war to achieve
specific goals MacArthur is fired after he publicly disagrees with
the president.
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Truman and MacArthur- Happier Times.
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The Tough Conditions in the Korean War.
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Korean War Has Lasting Effects
War Becomes a Political Issue
Examining the Lessons of the Korean War
http://www.zazzle.com/eisenhower_4_star_general_fade_poster-228654098000510658
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War Becomes a Political Issue
Election of 1952, Eisenhower promised to end stalemate of Korean War
After he was elected, he visited Korea When peace talks were failing, he suggested the
nuclear option Stalin died North Korea agreed to a cease-fire
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Examining the Lessons of the Korean War No victor Truman set precedent of sending US
soldiers without a declaration of war Increase in US military spending SEATO – Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization is formed to prevent spread of communism
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.html
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STOP!
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Section Three: The Cold War Expands
American backyard fallout shelter 1960
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Arms Race Heightens Tensions
Communist Advances Shock the Nation
Nuclear Arsenals Expand
The Soviets were not far behind the US in developing the atomic bomb and accomplished it in 1949
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Communist Advances Shock the Nation
September 2, 1949 – An American military plane flying over Alaska detected high levels of radiation
American Nuclear Scientists studied the data and realized the Soviets had tested an atomic bomb.
The news that the USSR had atomic weapons, and China falling to the communists had Americans freaking out.
http://www.rferl.org/content/Sixty_Years_After_First_Soviet_Nuclear_Test_Legacy_Of_Misery_Lives_On/1809712.html
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The U.S. gives advice to people on how to survive a nuclear attack. (shelters, etc.)
Duck and Cover: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKqXu-5jw60
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Nuclear Arsenals Expand
Truman orders the Atomic Energy Commission to produce a hydrogen bomb
Oppenheimer and Einstein opposed this and warned of a perpetual arms race
By 1952 the US tested a hydrogen bomb The Soviets tested one the following year Above ground testing led to nuclear fallout and
radiation induced health problems for people downwind of the test sites
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The Arms Race Once the Soviet Union
successfully tested the atomic bomb, the arms race was on.
Both countries stockpiled enough nuclear weapons to destroy the entire planet many times
The idea was that mutually assured destruction would keep both sides from "pushing the button," by giving both sides equality in "kill power."
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Eisenhower Introduces New Policies
Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, had helped organize the UN
Dulles and Eisenhower agreed with Truman that communism was a threat
Their ideas of how to contain
it were different
http://newstalgia.crooksandliars.com/gordonskene/john-foster-dulles-may-1959
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Eisenhower Favors Massive Retaliation
Eisenhower did not want to spend billions on traditional military expenses
He was focused on building nuclear weapons and developing planes, missiles, and submarines to launch them
http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/childs1/Outline%20The%20Eisenhower%20Years.htm
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The Brink of War
Dulles presented the U.S.’s new policy in dealing with communist threats – “massive retaliation”
Dulles convinced Eisenhower that in order to prevent war, you have to show that you are just crazy enough to go to war at the blink of an eye
This became known as “brinksmanship”
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http://hseuspics.wikispaces.com/The+Cold+War
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Stalin’s Death Eases Tensions
Stalin died on March 5, 1953 Nikita Khrushchev (a dude) took over as leader of
the USSR He was still an anti-USA communist, but not as
cold and cruel as Stalin July 1955, Khrushchev and Eisenhower actually
met with each other
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSkhrushchev.htm
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Cold War Goes Global
http://gubu-world.blogspot.com/2011/08/egypt-and-israel-future.html
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Unrest Explodes Behind the Iron Curtain
Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia were upset with Soviet control
1956 workers in Poland rioted and won back control of their government, but they remained part of the Warsaw Pact
Then Hungarian students and workers protested Khrushchev responded by brutally crushing the
rebellion and executing its leaders
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Americans were horrified by the Soviet response
The U.S would not use nukes to help Hungary gain independence
At the 1956 Olympic Games in Australia, a fight that broke out at a water polo game between Hungary and the USSR became known as the “blood in the water” match http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/blood-in-the-water.html
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U.S. Defuses Suez Crisis
Egyptian President, Gamal Abdel Nassar, wanted to build a dam on the Nile, and he tried to play the US and USSR against each other
This ended up with Egypt trying to take control of the Suez Canal – France, Britain, and Israel then tried to take control for themselves
Eisenhower got ticked, and threatened to quit providing US oil and the three allies backed off
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http://www.historyguy.com/suez_war_1956.html
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http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/8292718/Suez-Canal-from-crisis-to-crisis.html?image=2
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Eisenhower Promises Strong Action
January 1957, Eisenhower announced the Eisenhower Doctrine
He said the US would use force to protect any Middle Eastern country fighting off communism
In 1958, the Eisenhower Doctrine was invoked to send US troops to Lebanon
Eisenhower also used the CIA to gather intelligence and complete covert missions to fight communism
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http://www.novareinna.com/bridge/laika.html
Cold War Blasts off Into Space October 4, 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik 1 – It
was the first satellite in space In November, they launched a Sputnik 2 with a
dog named Laika inside to see what outer space would do to a living creature.
Laika died
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iiv4MPsYFv4
Laika Video
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Space Race In fear that the USSR would figure out how to use
satellites to drop missiles on the US, Congress approved the National Defense Education Act and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Enjoy this video documentary
that placed second at state in
it’s category last year and went to
nationals
http://nasasatellites.blogspot.com/
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Section Four: The Cold War at Home
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Worrying About Communists at Home
Truman Roots Out Communists Congress Hunts Communists Freedom of Speech Takes a Hit Government Investigates Oppenheimer
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Truman Roots Out Communists
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Congress Hunts Communists
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Freedom of Speech Takes a Hit
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Government Investigates Oppenheimer
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Spy Cases Worry Americans
Whittaker Chambers Accuses Alger Hiss Rosenbergs Are Executed
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Whittaker Chambers Accuses Alger Hiss
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Rosenbergs Are Executed
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McCarthy Uses Ruthless Tactics
McCarthy Makes Accusations McCarthy’s Power Increases McCarthy Falls From Power
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McCarthy Makes Accusations
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McCarthy’s Power Increases
http://users.aber.ac.uk/rbh/ike/
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McCarthy Falls From Power
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Iron curtain pic:
PPT format: http://online-history.org/US2.htm