Transcript

THE CONSERVATIVE THE CONSERVATIVE ORDERORDER

Europe regains control after Europe regains control after Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars

1815-18301815-1830

CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815

► Europe’s major powers Europe’s major powers were determined to were determined to restore order after the restore order after the dual forces of liberalism dual forces of liberalism and nationalism arose and nationalism arose in the late 18in the late 18thth century century

► The 4 major enemies of The 4 major enemies of France meet to discuss France meet to discuss peace settlement and peace settlement and new era of new era of ConservatismConservatism

THE PEACE SETTLEMENTTHE PEACE SETTLEMENT

► Leaders of Britain, Leaders of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Austria, Prussia, and Russia met Russia met

► They restored the They restored the Bourbon Dynasty Bourbon Dynasty to to France France

► Leaders guided by Leaders guided by principles of principles of Legitimacy Legitimacy and and Balance of PowerBalance of Power

LOUIS XVIII

KEY PLAYERSKEY PLAYERS

► CastlereaghCastlereagh (Britain)(Britain)

► Talleyrand Talleyrand (France)(France)►MetternichMetternich (Austria) (Austria)

was the leader who was the leader who hated liberalism and hated liberalism and nationalismnationalism

►He sought a return He sought a return to the to the Old OrderOld Order

Klemens von Metternich

CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGYCONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGY

► Reaction against French Reaction against French RevolutionRevolution

► Drew ideas from Edmund Drew ideas from Edmund Burke’s bookBurke’s book

► Citizens have duty to state- Citizens have duty to state- a partnershipa partnership

► No violent overthrowsNo violent overthrows► No sudden changeNo sudden change► Obedience to political Obedience to political

authority (Monarchy)authority (Monarchy)► Organized religion crucial Organized religion crucial ► No Civil libertiesNo Civil liberties► Community over individualsCommunity over individuals

METTERNICH LED 4 SESSIONS METTERNICH LED 4 SESSIONS OF “CONGRESS”OF “CONGRESS”

► Congress of Vienna (1815) members agreed to meet Congress of Vienna (1815) members agreed to meet periodically to maintain proper orderperiodically to maintain proper order

► 1) 1) Aix-la-Chapelle 1818 Aix-la-Chapelle 1818 Adds France to allianceAdds France to alliance► 2) 2) Troppau 1820 Troppau 1820 Established Principle of InterventionEstablished Principle of Intervention► 3) 3) Laibach 1821 Laibach 1821 Restored Bourbons to ItalyRestored Bourbons to Italy► 4) 4) Verona 1822 Verona 1822 France ok’ed to crush Spanish rebelsFrance ok’ed to crush Spanish rebels

LATIN AMERICAN LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

► Principle of Intervention Principle of Intervention could not extend to could not extend to Latin America as many Latin America as many countries gain countries gain independence independence

► VenezuelaVenezuela► ColumbiaColumbia► ChileChile► LimaLima► BrazilBrazil

GREEK INDEPENDENCEGREEK INDEPENDENCE► In 1821, Greeks rebel against their long-time landlords- the In 1821, Greeks rebel against their long-time landlords- the

Ottoman TurksOttoman Turks► Greek Independence Movement transformed into noble cause. Greek Independence Movement transformed into noble cause. ► In 1827, British and France combine to bring down Ottoman In 1827, British and France combine to bring down Ottoman

fleetfleet► In 1830, Greeks win hard fought IndependenceIn 1830, Greeks win hard fought Independence► A victory for liberals and nationalistsA victory for liberals and nationalists

1919thth CENTURY “ISMS” CENTURY “ISMS”LIBERALISMLIBERALISM

► Liberalism’s Liberalism’s origins could be origins could be found in the Enlightenment found in the Enlightenment and American and French and American and French RevolutionsRevolutions

► Tenets included;Tenets included;• Civil LibertiesCivil Liberties• FreedomFreedom• Religious toleranceReligious tolerance• Anti-censorshipAnti-censorship• Laissez-Faire EconomicsLaissez-Faire Economics• Extended suffrageExtended suffrage• Executive branch checked Executive branch checked

by constitutionby constitution

KEY PLAYER- THOMAS KEY PLAYER- THOMAS MALTHUSMALTHUS

► Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus ( (Essay on the Principle of Essay on the Principle of Population) Population) believed population wouldbelieved population would surpasssurpass food supply. He theorized that while food food supply. He theorized that while food increased arithmetically, population increased increased arithmetically, population increased geometrically. Misery and poverty was the geometrically. Misery and poverty was the result.result.

KEY PLAYER – DAVID KEY PLAYER – DAVID RICARDORICARDO

► David RicardoDavid Ricardo argued in his book, argued in his book, Principles of Political Principles of Political Economy, Economy, that an that an increase in increase in population would population would mean an abundance mean an abundance of workers which of workers which would suppress would suppress wages =“Iron law of wages =“Iron law of wages”wages”

JOHN STUART MILLJOHN STUART MILL

► English philosopher English philosopher ► Most famous book, Most famous book, On On

Liberty (1859)Liberty (1859)► Considered definitive Considered definitive

statement on individual statement on individual libertyliberty

► Wrote of women’s Wrote of women’s rights in his classic, rights in his classic, On On the Subjection of the Subjection of Women (1867)Women (1867)

► Important book for 19Important book for 19thth century women’s century women’s movementmovement

NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

► Origins in French Origins in French Revolution and their Revolution and their ability to marshal ability to marshal support for the war effortsupport for the war effort

► Refers to an awareness Refers to an awareness of being part of a of being part of a communitycommunity

► Belonging to a nationBelonging to a nation► Focus on an individual’s Focus on an individual’s

loyaltyloyalty► Political borders to be Political borders to be

determined by cultural determined by cultural similaritiessimilarities

EARLY SOCIALISMEARLY SOCIALISM

► Pitiful conditions of early Industrial Revolution gave rise to Pitiful conditions of early Industrial Revolution gave rise to ideology known as Socialismideology known as Socialism

► Later associated with Marxism, early Socialists believed Later associated with Marxism, early Socialists believed economic and social equality and human cooperation was economic and social equality and human cooperation was better than competitionbetter than competition

► Sometimes called, Sometimes called, Utopian Socialists, Utopian Socialists, members were against members were against private property private property

KEY PLAYERSKEY PLAYERS

Charles Fourier: Proposed small communities -phalansteries – with 1620 folks

Robert Owen tried to establish communes in Scotland & Indiana in 1820s

Louis Blanc’s Organization of Work called for gov’t asst.

Flora Tristan was a utopian socialist & feminist- Worker’s union

REVOLUTION & REFORM REVOLUTION & REFORM 1830-18501830-1850

► In 1830, forces of In 1830, forces of liberalism, nationalism liberalism, nationalism and revolution began to and revolution began to break through the break through the conservative stranglehold conservative stranglehold on Europeon Europe

► It began in 1830 in France It began in 1830 in France when King Charles X when King Charles X issued issued The July The July Ordinances- Ordinances- Immediately Immediately caused caused The July The July Revolution Revolution which which deposed the King in favor deposed the King in favor of his cousin of his cousin Louis-Louis-PhilippePhilippeLouis Philippe

1830-1848

LOUIS PHILIPPE: THE LOUIS PHILIPPE: THE BOURGEOIS MONARCHBOURGEOIS MONARCH

► Constitutional Constitutional changes that favored changes that favored the bourgeois were the bourgeois were institutedinstituted

► Opposition soon Opposition soon emerged as Louis emerged as Louis Philippe’s Philippe’s government failed to government failed to placate the working placate the working classclass

REVOLUTIONARY OUTBURSTS IN REVOLUTIONARY OUTBURSTS IN BELGIUM, POLAND, AND ITALYBELGIUM, POLAND, AND ITALY

► While liberalism played a While liberalism played a key role in the French key role in the French Rev. of 1830, Rev. of 1830, nationalism nationalism played a key played a key role in revolutions role in revolutions elsewhereelsewhere

► Belgium rose up against Belgium rose up against the Dutch in 1830 the Dutch in 1830 successfullysuccessfully

► Not so successful for the Not so successful for the Italians (Austrian control) Italians (Austrian control) & Poles (Russian control)& Poles (Russian control)

REFORM IN GREAT BRITAINREFORM IN GREAT BRITAIN

► The ruling elite in Britain (Whigs) realized reform was The ruling elite in Britain (Whigs) realized reform was needed to avoid revolution. They passed a needed to avoid revolution. They passed a election election reformreform bill in 1832 given voice to previously ignored bill in 1832 given voice to previously ignored districts and eligible voters doubled in number. Also districts and eligible voters doubled in number. Also Poor LawsPoor Laws enacted in 1834 and enacted in 1834 and Corn LawsCorn Laws repealed repealed in 1846.in 1846.

REVOLUTIONS OF 1848REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

► By 1848, forces of By 1848, forces of liberalism & liberalism & nationalism arose nationalism arose

► Starts again in FranceStarts again in France► Under the leadership of Under the leadership of

Adolphe Thiers, Radical Adolphe Thiers, Radical Republicans seize the Republicans seize the government and set up government and set up Provisional Gov’tProvisional Gov’t

► Before too long, only Before too long, only Russia & Great Britain Russia & Great Britain remained untouched by remained untouched by revolutionrevolution Adolphe

Thiers

GROWING SPLIT IN FRANCEGROWING SPLIT IN FRANCE► Moderate Republicans Moderate Republicans

split with Radical split with Radical RepublicsRepublics

► Unemployment surged Unemployment surged and government forced and government forced to close national to close national workshops (Louis Blanc)workshops (Louis Blanc)

► Workers revolted and Workers revolted and gov’t crushed uprisinggov’t crushed uprising

► New Constitution in New Constitution in 1848 established the 1848 established the Second Republic with Second Republic with Napoleon’s nephew Napoleon’s nephew (Charles Louis Napoleon (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) as rulerBonaparte) as ruler Charles Louis

Napoleon Bonaparte

REVOLUTIONS IN CENTRAL REVOLUTIONS IN CENTRAL EUROPE: GERMANYEUROPE: GERMANY

► News of the revolution in News of the revolution in France spread quicklyFrance spread quickly

► Government in Germany Government in Germany moved to enact changes moved to enact changes to prevent revolutionto prevent revolution

► Including; anti-Including; anti-censorship, male censorship, male suffrage, a new suffrage, a new constitution constitution

► Frankfort Assembly led Frankfort Assembly led the way in reformthe way in reform

► However, Frankfort However, Frankfort Assembly soon Assembly soon disbanded and the disbanded and the reform impulse with itreform impulse with it

REVOLUTION OF 1848: REVOLUTION OF 1848: AUSTRIAAUSTRIA

► News of Paris encourage News of Paris encourage Austria to erupt in flames in Austria to erupt in flames in 18481848

► Hungarian liberals under Hungarian liberals under Louis Kossuth Louis Kossuth wanted own wanted own legislaturelegislature

► Metternich flees as Buda, Metternich flees as Buda, Prague, and Vienna revoltPrague, and Vienna revolt

► Emperor Ferdinand I makes Emperor Ferdinand I makes concessions but waits for his concessions but waits for his chance to regain control – he chance to regain control – he abdicates in favor of abdicates in favor of Francis Francis Joseph IJoseph I

► Hungarian revolt only Hungarian revolt only crushed after Russian’s crushed after Russian’s helped in 1849helped in 1849

► The Revolutions in Austria The Revolutions in Austria had failedhad failed Francis

Joseph

REVOLUTIONS IN ITALIAN REVOLUTIONS IN ITALIAN STATESSTATES

► Leader of Italy Leader of Italy risorgimento risorgimento (resurgence) was (resurgence) was Giuseppe Mazzini, a Giuseppe Mazzini, a devoted nationalistdevoted nationalist

► He founded He founded Young Italy Young Italy and Italian states rose and Italian states rose up in 1848 against their up in 1848 against their Austrian landlordsAustrian landlords

► Rebellions across Italy Rebellions across Italy soon crushed by soon crushed by Austrians & FrenchAustrians & French

Guiseppe Mazzini

FAILURES OF 1848FAILURES OF 1848

► Throughout Europe in Throughout Europe in 1848, popular revolts 1848, popular revolts made short-term gainsmade short-term gains

► Conservative regimes Conservative regimes quickly regained controlquickly regained control

► Why?Why?► Lack of unity among Lack of unity among

revolutionariesrevolutionaries► Liberals retrenched due Liberals retrenched due

to fear of social chaosto fear of social chaos► Minorities in Austria Minorities in Austria

fought each other – fought each other – lacked unity lacked unity


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