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Vanessa Stratton
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Many languages in world
Many reasons to learn a second language
Factors that benefit language learners are important
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Does age affect the ability to learn a second or foreign language?
Critical Period Hypothesis
Age at Time of Acquisition
Amount of Exposure to the Language
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Critical Period Hypothesis (Tran, 2009)
Developed from studies: “window” and after very difficult for native-like proficiency.
Birdsong (1992) 15 / 20 Adult French Learners “native like”
proficiency Bongaerts (1999)
Successful English Learners > Native Speakers Scores
Native Speakers Had Best Scores Some Adult Learners Had Native Like Proficiency
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Critical Period Hypothesis Varying results = No clear answer to validity Adult learners achieved native like proficiency Possibility: Easier/more likely for younger
learners Results: Does not prevent adult learners
Important to note: Results of High Scores = Exceptional and Successful Learners
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Krashen, Long and Scarcella (1979)
Younger arrivals = closest to native speech levelOlder = furthest
Correlation for accent and age of arrival
No correlation for accentand years in US
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Bowers and Kennison, (2011) 36 Spanish–English bilinguals L1 to L2 and L2 to L1 Quicker translation for words acquired early
on
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Huang and Jun (2011) 3 groups of Mandarin-speaking immigrant with
varying AoA in US Native English speakers in control group Participants read a paragraph in English Results: Adult arrivals deviate most from
native speakers, read slower than Native and Child Arrivals
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The amount of exposure was constant Early AoA showed an ability for a higher
proficiency in the second language Efficiency in translation processing
achieved by younger learners Some studies show Adult learners have
cognitive abilities over child learners. Adult learners initially learned faster in
structured learning setting
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No clear evidence validating CPH Suggestion: Modified to acknowledge abilities of
adult learners The evidence shows there is a benefit to
younger second language acquirers. The advantages of younger learners appear to
be related most strongly to speed of processing, fluency, pronunciation and aural perception (Jarvis, 2009).
More research must be done to better understand the reasoning of this advantage and the extent of it.
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Huang, Becky H.; Jun, Sun-Ah (2011, September). The Effect of Age on theAcquisition of Second Language Prosody. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid9f935b5a-582a-4907-8c6c-1513cfa4ecc4%40sessionmgr4&vid=2&hid=13.
Muñoz, Carmen (2008, September) Age-related differences in foreign language
learning. Revisiting the empirical evidence. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d078 cc17-584f-416f-b3ee-eecd7200670d%40sessionmgr15&vid=21&hid=13
Tran, Thu Hoang (2009). The Critical Period and Second Language Acquisition.
Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED507240.pdf Bowers, J. Michael; Kennison, Shelia M. (2011, August). The role of age of
Acquisition in bilingual word translation: Evidence from Spanish-English bilinguals. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/content/y4316t6385184241/fulltext.pdf
Jarvis, Scott. (2009, September) Review of 'Age and the rate of foreign language
learning'. Retrieved from http://journals.cambridge.org.ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/action/displayFulltext
Krashen, Stephen, D., Michael, H. Long, and Robin C. Scarcella (1979). Age, rate,
and eventual attainment in second language acquisition. TESOL Quarterly 13 (4): 573–582. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.uconn.edu/stable/3586451