THE ELECTRIC BICYCLE THE ELECTRIC BICYCLE PROJECT INCLUDING AN PROJECT INCLUDING AN
INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN CYCLING PERFORMANCECYCLING PERFORMANCE
S. I. Brand, N. Ertugrul and W.L. SoongUniversity of Adelaide
School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringAdelaide, Australia
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC BICYCLESBENEFITS OF ELECTRIC BICYCLES
– CLEANCLEAN
– QUIETQUIET
– EFFICIENTEFFICIENT
– ECONOMICALECONOMICAL
– REDUCED TRAFFIC CONGESTIONREDUCED TRAFFIC CONGESTION
DETERMINE HUMAN POWER FROMDETERMINE HUMAN POWER FROM– Stationary Tests and Mobile TestsStationary Tests and Mobile Tests
DESIGN AND BUILD CUSTOM HUBDESIGN AND BUILD CUSTOM HUB INVESTIGATE BATTERY OPTIONSINVESTIGATE BATTERY OPTIONS DEVELOP CONTROL SYSTEMDEVELOP CONTROL SYSTEM
PROJECT SCOPEPROJECT SCOPE
CYCLING POWER DATACYCLING POWER DATA ATHLETE TIME TRIALS (A.I.S.)ATHLETE TIME TRIALS (A.I.S.) STATIONARY DYNAMOMETER TESTSSTATIONARY DYNAMOMETER TESTS MOBILE CYCLING TESTSMOBILE CYCLING TESTS
HOW MUCH POWER?HOW MUCH POWER?
A Horsepower = 746 WattsA Horsepower = 746 Watts
How much is a “Human Power”?How much is a “Human Power”?
BICYCLE DYNAMOMETERBICYCLE DYNAMOMETER
MEASURED PARAMETERSMEASURED PARAMETERS
DYNAMOMETERDYNAMOMETER– WHEEL SPEEDWHEEL SPEED– PEDALLING TORQUEPEDALLING TORQUE– OUTPUT CURRENTOUTPUT CURRENT– OUTPUT VOLTAGEOUTPUT VOLTAGE
MOBILE DATA LOGGING SYSTEMMOBILE DATA LOGGING SYSTEM– WHEEL SPEEDWHEEL SPEED– PEDALLING TORQUEPEDALLING TORQUE– GEAR RATIOGEAR RATIO
DATA LOGGING SYSTEMSDATA LOGGING SYSTEMS
STATIONARY TESTING STATIONARY TESTING – LABVIEW SOFTWARELABVIEW SOFTWARE
– DESKTOP COMPUTERDESKTOP COMPUTER
– DAQ CARDDAQ CARD
MOBILE TESTINGMOBILE TESTING– VISUAL DESIGNER SOFTWAREVISUAL DESIGNER SOFTWARE
– DATA SAMPLING HARDWAREDATA SAMPLING HARDWARE
– LAPTOP COMPUTERLAPTOP COMPUTER
PEAK CYCLIST PEAK CYCLIST POWERPOWER
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80
Time (s)
Po
we
r (W
)
TrainedAthlete
AverageCyclist
SUSTAINED SUSTAINED CYCLING POWERCYCLING POWER
MOBILE DATA RESULTSMOBILE DATA RESULTS
MOTORPOWER
HORSE AND HUMAN POWER HORSE AND HUMAN POWER COMPARISONCOMPARISON
BICYCLE POWER REQUIREMENTSBICYCLE POWER REQUIREMENTS 450 WATTS PEAK450 WATTS PEAK 200 WATTS CONTINUOUS200 WATTS CONTINUOUS
BATTERY ENERGY DENSITYBATTERY ENERGY DENSITY
160 WATT-HOURS WILL PROVIDE
–25 MINUTE POWERED RANGE
–50 MINUTE PEDAL ASSIST RANGE
MOTOR DEVELOPMENTMOTOR DEVELOPMENT
WASHING MACHINE MOTOR
MACHINING ALUMINIUM
WOODEN MOCK-UP
FRONT WHEEL
MOTOR EFFICIENCYMOTOR EFFICIENCY
BRUSHLESS MOTOR - DC MOTOR DYNAMOMETER
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Motor Speed (rpm)
Torq
ue (N
m)
DC Motor Losses
DC Motor +AC Motor Losses
CONTROL SYSTEMCONTROL SYSTEM
3-PHASE BRIDGE INVERTER BOARD
MICROCONTROLLER and MICROCONTROLLER and PROGRAMMINGPROGRAMMING
MICROCHIP PIC16F877 MICROCHIP PIC16F877 14 BIT CORE14 BIT CORE 20MHz20MHz 33 INPUT/OUTPUT PINS33 INPUT/OUTPUT PINS 8 ANALOG INPUTS8 ANALOG INPUTS
MICROCHIP RESOURCESMICROCHIP RESOURCES– PIC MICROCONTROLLERSPIC MICROCONTROLLERS
– MPLAB SOFTWAREMPLAB SOFTWARE
– PRODUCT DATA SHEETSPRODUCT DATA SHEETS
– APPLICATION NOTESAPPLICATION NOTES
C – COMPILERC – COMPILER CHIP PROGRAMMERCHIP PROGRAMMER
MOTOR WAVEFORMSMOTOR WAVEFORMS
100% PWM100% PWM 40% PWM 40% PWM
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS and FUTURE WORKand FUTURE WORK DIRECT DRIVE HUB MOTORDIRECT DRIVE HUB MOTOR
– EFFICIENT (84%) AND LOW MAINTENANCEEFFICIENT (84%) AND LOW MAINTENANCE
BICYCLE POWER REQUIREMENTSBICYCLE POWER REQUIREMENTS– 200 WATT CONTINUOUS, 450 WATT PEAK200 WATT CONTINUOUS, 450 WATT PEAK
BATTERY CAPACITYBATTERY CAPACITY– 160 WATT-HOUR160 WATT-HOUR
USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE– LCD DISPLAY and KEYPADLCD DISPLAY and KEYPAD
– INPUT - CUSTOMISED RIDER SETTINGSINPUT - CUSTOMISED RIDER SETTINGS
– OUTPUT - SPEED, DISTANCE AND BATTERY STATEOUTPUT - SPEED, DISTANCE AND BATTERY STATE
CUSTOM BUILT MOTOR CUSTOM BUILT MOTOR – RARE EARTH MAGNET ROTORRARE EARTH MAGNET ROTOR
– INCREASE EFFICIENCYINCREASE EFFICIENCY
– REDUCED WIEGHTREDUCED WIEGHT