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The Endocrine System
Eden Area ROPMedical Careers
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ENDOCRINE GLANDS• Endocrine glands:
• Ductless glands; secrete directly into blood
• Widely distributed throughout the body
• Secrete hormones: chemical messengers that produce changes in the body• Regulate growth/development• Regulate metabolism• Stimulate other glands
• Exocrine glands: secrete substances into ducts (EX: sweat gland, sebaceous (oil) glands) NOT part of the endocrine system
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HORMONES • Hormones that are
released from the endocrine glands have a target gland in which the hormone has an affect on.
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MECHANISMS THAT CONTROL HORMONE SECRETION
1. Negative feedback: information about the hormone or its effects is fed back to the gland that secretes it
2. Biorhythms: rhythmic alteration in a hormone’s rate of secretion• Circadian rhythm: 24-
hour rhythm3. Central nervous system
helps control secretion of hormones in two ways:• Activation of
hypothalamus• Stimulation of
sympathetic nervous system
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THE PITUITARY GLAND• Pituitary gland: pea-
sized gland located in the center of the brain and attached to hypothalamus
• Two main parts:• Anterior pituitary gland• Posterior pituitary
gland
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THE PITUITARY GLAND (CONT’D.)
• Hypothalamus: controls secretions of the anterior pituitary gland
• Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system: network of capillaries that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary gland
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PITUITARY GLAND HORMONES• AKA the “Master gland” because:
• Secretes hormones that control other glands and affect many organ systems
• Hormones of the pituitary gland:• Prolactin: promotes breast development/milk
production after childbirth • Growth hormone (GH): essential for the
growth/development of body’s tissues, effects length of long bones
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates thyroid gland to secrete two thyroid hormones
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates ovaries (female), production of sperm (male)
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH): stimulates ovaries (production of progesterone) and stimulates testes (production of testosterone)
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PITUITARY GLAND HORMONES• Hormones of the pituitary gland (cont.):
• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):increases the amount of pigment in the skin
• Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions• Anti-diuretic Hormone: Retains fluid in the
body
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GROWTH HORMONE CONDITIONS
• Dwarfism: insufficient production during childhood• Gigantism: Overproduction in childhood• Acromegaly: Overproduction during adulthood
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THYROID GLAND
• Largest endocrine gland
• Located in anterior neck on front and sides of trachea
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THYROID GLAND (CONT’D.)• Thyroid hormones: function to regulate all phases of
metabolism, necessary for:• Proper functioning of all other hormones• Normal maturation of the nervous system• Normal growth and development
• Hormones secreted:• Triiodothyronine (T3) & Tetraidothyronine (T4): regulates
metabolism• Thyrocalcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels
(increases calcium storage in bones)
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THYROID GLAND (CONT’D.)
• Hypothyroidism: thyroid hormone deficiency resulting in a slowed-down metabolic state
• Hyperthyroidism: excess of thyroid hormones produces a sped-up metabolic state
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PARATHYROID GLANDS• Parathyroid glands:
• Lie along the posterior surface of the thyroid gland• Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases
blood calcium levels (decreases calcium in the bones)
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PARATHYROID GLANDS (CONT’D.)
• Hypocalcemia: absence of sufficient calcium causes carpal spasm
• Hypercalcemia: hyperparathyroidism develops in responseto a tumor in the parathyroid gland (causes bone pain and kidney stones)
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ADRENAL GLANDS
• Located above kidneys • Two regions:
• Adrenal medulla: inner region of the adrenal gland, excretes catecholamines
• Adrenal cortex: outer region of the adrenal gland, secretes steroids
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ADRENAL GLANDS (CONT’D.)
• Catecholamines:• Epinephrine (Adrenaline): stimulates “fight or flight”
response• Steroids: (regulate sugar, salt, sex)
• Cortisol: (sugar) helps maintain blood glucose between meals, “stress hormone”
• Aldosterone: (salt) regulates blood volume and sodium and potassium levels
• Sex hormones (small amounts) secondary sex characteristics
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PANCREAS
• Long, slender organ that lies across the upper abdomen
• Functions: exocrine gland and endocrine gland because it secretes hormones (insulin/glucagon) directly into bloodstream. Exocrine function- secretes pancreatic juices that aide in digestion into the digestive system (through a duct)
• Hormones: • Insulin: decreases blood glucose levels • Glucagon: increases blood glucose levels
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PANCREAS (CONT’D.)
• Diabetes mellitus: insulin deficiency or ineffectiveness
• Signs:• Hyperglycemia• Glucosuria• Polyuria• Polydypsia• Polyphagia
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DIABETES MELLITUS • Type 1: Insulin
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus• AKA Juvenile Diabetes• Not enough insulin is
being produced
• Type 2: Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus• AKA Adult onset
Diabetes Mellitus• Insulin is produced, but
the body is not using it properly
• Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): occurs in pregnancy
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GONADS (SEX GLANDS)
• Male: testes (located in scrotum)• Testosterone:
• produce sperm • Male primary and secondary sex characteristics
• Female: ovaries (located within the female pelvic cavity)• Estrogen
• Produce ova (eggs)• Female primary and secondary sex characteristics
• Progesterone• Affects uterine lining
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THYMUS GLAND• Lies in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum• Hormones:
• Thymosins: stimulates the development and maturation of lymphocytes (T-cells)
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PINEAL GLAND (PINEAL BODY) (“BIOLOGICAL CLOCK”)
• Cone-shaped gland located close to the thalamus in the brain (behind pituitary gland)
• Hormone: melatonin• Controls biorhythms• Sleep-wake cycle• Delays puberty until
appropriate time
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THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
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ABBREVIATIONSLOOK UP DEFINITIONS!
1. GDM2. ADH3. FBS4. IDDM5. NIDDM6. GTT (not gtt)7. GH8. TSH