Download - The Enlightenment or The Age of Reason
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The Enlightenmentor
The Age of Reason
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What Was the Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment: intellectual movement in Europe during the 1700s that led to new theories about society, gov’t, economics, and religion
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“Dare to Know!”To be enlightened: think independently
“Free thought”
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The Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution
The equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships
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Enlightenment Principles
• Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought
• Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith
• Scientific and academic thought should be secular (not religious)
A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers
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Enlightenment Thinkers
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Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
• English• Book “Leviathan”• studied
government/humans• Believed natural state of
humans was to be at war• Why believe this?
• Lives are “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
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Hobbes
• Believed that humans were driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful rulerabsolute monarchy is bestRuler got power from consent of people..not divine right
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John Locke (1632–1704)
The “State of Nature”: all men equalPeople born a Tabula rasa, or a blank slateEverything is learned
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Locke(continued)
Book: Two Treatises of GovernmentGov’t exists to preserve natural rights (life, liberty, property)If natural rights taken, right to rebel/change gov’tConstitutional monarchy best
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The French Salon and the Philosophes
Madame de Pompadour
• Salons: gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas
• Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons
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Voltaire (1694–1778)
• Most famous philosophe
• Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books
• Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order(church, nobles)
• Championed social, political, and religious tolerance
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The Encyclopédie
• Major achievement of the philosophes
• Begun in 1745; completed in 1765
Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie
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The Encyclopédie (continued)
• Denis Diderot Banned by the Catholic Church
Encyclopédie editor Denis Diderot
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Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755)
• French noble and political philosopher
• Book: The Spirit of the Laws
• Compared different types of govt’s
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Montesquieu (continued)
• Separation of powers• Executive• Judicial• Legislative
• Would prevent tyranny• Constitutional
monarchy best, not democracy
Frontspiece to The Spirit of the Laws
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712–1778)
• The Social Contract• “Man is born free and
everywhere he is in chains.”
• Civilization corrupts natural goodness
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Rousseau
• Gov’t receives power from the people • People in society have agreement: give
up some freedoms in exchange for protection/common good
• Believed all men equal• Democracy is best form of gov’t
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The Enlightenment and the American Revolution
• The Declaration of Independence
• Influence of Locke• Unalienable rights
of Life, Liberty, pursuit of Happiness
• Right to change gov’t
Thomas Jefferson
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The U.S. Constitution• Influence of
Montesquieu• Separation of
powers• Checks and
balances• No branch
too powerful
Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention
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Women and the Enlightenment
• Changing views
• Role of education
• Equality
Mary Wollstonecraft Olympe de Gouges
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Wollstonecraft (continued)
• A Vindication of the Rights of Women• Women need
education to become virtuous and useful
Title page of Wollstonecraft’s Thoughts on the Education of Daughters
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“Enlightened Absolute Monarchs”
Contradiction of terms??Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchsOpen to Enlightenment ideaspassed new laws and practices
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Frederick the Great (ruled 1740–1786)
• Prussian ruler• Had a strong interest in
Enlightenment works and the arts
• Convinced Voltaire to come to Prussia
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Frederick the Great (continued)
Wanted to make Prussia a modern stateReforms – Religious
freedom– Better ed– Efficient gov’t,
simplified laws– Banned torture
But kept serfs and supported nobles
Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”
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Catherine the Great(ruled 1762–1796)
• Russian ruler• read Enlightenment
works• “Westernized” Russia
• Import art• Modernize industry and ag
• Wars to expand: Poland, Black Sea
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Catherine the Great(continued)
• Domestic reforms• New legal codes• Improved ed• Restricted torture
• Peasant revolt led to• Control serfs• Stronger nobles
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Maria Theresa (ruled 1740–1780) • Austrian ruler
• Government reforms
• Improved lives of serfs
• Son—Joseph II
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Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)• Ruled with his
mother until 1780• Joseph’s reforms
• Religious toleration
• Control over the Catholic Church
• Abolished serfdom
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Napoleon
• French ruler• Military career• Rise to power
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Napoleon I (continued)• Reforms
• Education: public schools
• Written code of laws• Men equal• Right to property
• But: restricted freedom of press and speech
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The Enlightenment and the French Revolution
• The American Revolution
• The Estates General
The Marquis de Lafayette
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The Declaration of theRights of Man
• Adopted by National Assembly in 1789
• “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”
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The Legacy of the Enlightenment
GovernmentSocietyEducation
The signing of the U.S. Constitution