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The Evolution of the R Software Ecosystem
Daniel M. GermanUniversity of Victoria
Bram AdamsÉcole Polytechnique
de Montréal
Ahmed E. HassanQueen's University
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An Ecosystem is ...
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An Ecosystem is ...
Jansen et al., ICSE '09
a set of (1) businesses functioning as a unit and interacting with a shared
market for (2) software and services, together with (3) the
relationships among [the businesses].
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In Other Words
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coreplatform
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user contributions building on platform
coreplatform
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user contributions building on platform
coreplatform
ecosystem infrastructure
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user contributions building on platform
ecosystem infrastructure
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user contributions building on platform
CRAN
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ggplot
wethepeopledata.tableSim.DiffProc
randomForestrbundler
foreach
RODBC
rms
WGCNA
minpack.lm
fields caret heavy
plm
rv
ggplot2
Sim.DiffProcGUI
CRAN
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ggplot
wethepeopledata.tableSim.DiffProc
randomForestrbundler
foreach
RODBC
rms
WGCNA
minpack.lm
fields caret heavy
plm
rv
ggplot2
Sim.DiffProcGUI
CRAN
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In Other Words
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Bosch, SPLC '09
Desktop ecosystems for end-user programming are the holy grail of software platforms!
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6
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6h#p://www.)obe.com
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6
h#p://www.rexeranaly)cs.com/Data-‐Miner-‐Survey-‐Results-‐2011.html
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6h#p://www.rexeranaly)cs.com/Data-‐Miner-‐Survey-‐Results-‐2011.html
But How Did they Get This Far?
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• Very successful sta)s)cs analysis system• Created by Robert Gentleman in 1993• One of the most successful languages for non-‐programmers
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• Very successful sta)s)cs analysis system• Created by Robert Gentleman in 1993• One of the most successful languages for non-‐programmers
Robert Gentleman, 1993
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• Very successful sta)s)cs analysis system• Created by Robert Gentleman in 1993• One of the most successful languages for non-‐programmers
Robert Gentleman, 1993
non-‐programmers
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# Goals: A first look at R objects - vectors, lists, matrices, data frames.
# To make vectors "x" "y" "year" and "names"x <- c(2,3,7,9)y <- c(9,7,3,2)year <- 1990:1993names <- c("payal", "shraddha", "kritika", "itida")# Accessing the 1st and last elements of y --y[1]y[length(y)]
# To make a list "person" --person <- list(name="payal", x=2, y=9, year=1990)person# Accessing things inside a list --person$nameperson$x
# To make a matrix, pasting together the columns "year" "x" and "y"# The verb cbind() stands for "column bind"cbind(year, x, y)
# To make a "data frame", which is a list of vectors of the same length --D <- data.frame(names, year, x, y)nrow(D)# Accessing one of these vectorsD$names# Accessing the last element of this vectorD$names[nrow(D)]# Or equally,D$names[length(D$names)] 8
The R Language
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9
R has an ACTIVE Community
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9
R has an ACTIVE Community
package infrastructure
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9
R has an ACTIVE Community
package infrastructure mailing lists
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9
R has an ACTIVE Community
package infrastructure blogsmailing lists
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9
R has an ACTIVE Community
package infrastructure
books
blogsmailing lists
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9
R has an ACTIVE Community
package infrastructure
books
blogsmailing lists
commercial partners
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9
R has an ACTIVE Community
package infrastructure
books
blogsmailing lists
commercial partners conference
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How does a Successful Ecosystem like R Evolve?
10
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How does a Successful Ecosystem like R Evolve?
10
Package Characteris)cs
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How does a Successful Ecosystem like R Evolve?
10
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on
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How does a Successful Ecosystem like R Evolve?
10
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies
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How does a Successful Ecosystem like R Evolve?
10
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
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Package Data Used
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Package Data Used
CRAN
23/04/1997 -‐ 25/02/201180 official R versions
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base
recommended
popular
contributed
Package Data Used
CRAN
23/04/1997 -‐ 25/02/201180 official R versions
2,733
15
13
179
19,593 versions
+
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How to Define Popular Packages?
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How to Define Popular Packages?
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How to Define Popular Packages?
contest providing list of installed packages by 52 users
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1
510
50100
5001000
Number of Packages InstalledN
umbe
r of d
iffer
ent p
acka
ges
per u
ser
All Inst. by at least 20% users
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popular packages=
1
510
50100
5001000
Number of Packages InstalledN
umbe
r of d
iffer
ent p
acka
ges
per u
ser
All Inst. by at least 20% users
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Mailing List Data Used
13
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Mailing List Data Used
13
R-‐help
R-‐devel
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Mailing List Data Used
13
R-‐help
R-‐devel
MailMiner[Be#enburg et al.]
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Mailing List Data Used
13
R-‐help
R-‐devel
MailMiner[Be#enburg et al.]
PostgreSQL
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How does a Successful Ecosystem like R Evolve?
14
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
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How does a Successful Ecosystem like R Evolve?
14
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Proportion of files for a given extension
Prop
ortio
n of
file
s ●
●
● ●
●● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●
BaseRecommendedPopularContributed
rd rtx
thp
prd
a c hde
scrip
tion
cpp
nam
espa
cef
rdat
apn
g gif
java rnw
save
htm
lxm
lte
x s qci
tatio
n
Documenta)on Files Dominate!
15
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Proportion of files for a given extension
Prop
ortio
n of
file
s ●
●
● ●
●● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●
BaseRecommendedPopularContributed
rd rtx
thp
prd
a c hde
scrip
tion
cpp
nam
espa
cef
rdat
apn
g gif
java rnw
save
htm
lxm
lte
x s qci
tatio
n
Documenta)on Files Dominate!
15
documentaDon
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Proportion of files for a given extension
Prop
ortio
n of
file
s ●
●
● ●
●● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●
BaseRecommendedPopularContributed
rd rtx
thp
prd
a c hde
scrip
tion
cpp
nam
espa
cef
rdat
apn
g gif
java rnw
save
htm
lxm
lte
x s qci
tatio
n
Documenta)on Files Dominate!
15
documentaDon
source code
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base recommended popular contributed
Size of Documentation per Package
Documentation Files (.rd)
Line
s
0
100
1k
10k
100k
Extensive Package Documenta)on
16
5.3k 3.6k1.7k
0.6k
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Contributed Packages Contain Less Code
17
Size of Source Code per Package
File type
SLO
Cs
0
1001k
10k100k
1M
All source code r c
Base Recommended Popular Contributed
Size of Source Code per Package
File type
SLO
Cs
0
1001k
10k100k
1M
All source code r c
Base Recommended Popular Contributed
Size
of S
ourc
e C
ode
per P
acka
ge
File
type
SLOCs
0
1001k10k
100k1M
All s
ourc
e co
der
c
Base
Rec
omm
ende
dPo
pula
rC
ontri
bute
d
Size
of S
ourc
e C
ode
per P
acka
ge
File
type
SLOCs
0
1001k10k
100k1M
All s
ourc
e co
der
c
Base
Rec
omm
ende
dPo
pula
rC
ontri
bute
d
base recommended popular contributed
Size of Documentation per Package
Documentation Files (.rd)
Line
s
0
100
1k
10k
100k
7.3k 3.5k 1.8k0.7k
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18
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
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18
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
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18
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
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15
50500
Number of Packages over Time
Total
●●
●●
●● ●●●
●
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
●
BaseRecommendedPopularContributed
Fast Growth of Contributed Packages
19
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15
50500
Number of Packages over Time
Total
●●
●●
●● ●●●
●
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
●
BaseRecommendedPopularContributed
Fast Growth of Contributed Packages
19
super-‐linea
r growth
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15
50500
Number of Packages over Time
Total
●●
●●
●● ●●●
●
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
●
BaseRecommendedPopularContributed
Fast Growth of Contributed Packages
19
super-‐linea
r growth
conservaDve base/recommended evoluDon
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Evolution of the Size of Source Code per Package
1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
0100
10k
1M
Base Recommended Popular Contributed
Evolution of the Size of Source Code per Package
1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
0100
10k
1M
Base Recommended Popular Contributed
Contributed Packages have Stable Size
20
Evolution of the Size of Source Code per Package
1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
0100
10k
1M
Base Recommended Popular Contributed
Evolution of the Size of Source Code per Package
1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
0100
10k
1M
Base Recommended Popular Contributed
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Number of Releases Per Package
●
● ●
●●
●
●● ●
●
●●
●●
●
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
15
1020
50160
● RecommendedPopularContributed
The Less Core, the Less Releases
21
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Number of Releases Per Package
●
● ●
●●
●
●● ●
●
●●
●●
●
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
15
1020
50160
● RecommendedPopularContributed
The Less Core, the Less Releases
21
50% had <=17 releases
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Number of Releases Per Package
●
● ●
●●
●
●● ●
●
●●
●●
●
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
15
1020
50160
● RecommendedPopularContributed
The Less Core, the Less Releases
21
50% had <=3 releases
50% had <=17 releases
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Date of Latest Release per Package
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
200320042005200620072008200920102011
● RecommendedPopularContributed
... but Contributed Packages are Ac)vely Maintained!
22
>90% of packages had release in last 2 years
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23
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23
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Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
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24
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
fast growth of contributed packages
stable package size
ac)ve maintenance
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24
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
fast growth of contributed packages
stable package size
ac)ve maintenance
![Page 74: The Evolution of the R Software Ecosystem (CSMR 2013)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052321/5564328bd8b42a06138b4dc2/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
05
1015
2025
Number of Dependencies Per Package
Proportion of Packages
Num
ber o
f Dep
ende
ncie
s
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
RecommendedPopularContributed
Packages have Few Dependencies
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05
1015
2025
Number of Dependencies Per Package
Proportion of Packages
Num
ber o
f Dep
ende
ncie
s
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
RecommendedPopularContributed
Packages have Few Dependencies
1/3 has NONE
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05
1015
2025
Number of Dependencies Per Package
Proportion of Packages
Num
ber o
f Dep
ende
ncie
s
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
RecommendedPopularContributed
Packages have Few Dependencies
1/3 has NONE 1/4 has 1 dependency
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Number of Dependents Per Package
Proportion of Packages
Num
ber o
f Dep
ende
nts
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
01
310
5026
0
RecommendedPopularContributed
Contributed Packages are Higher-‐Level
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Number of Dependents Per Package
Proportion of Packages
Num
ber o
f Dep
ende
nts
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
01
310
5026
0
RecommendedPopularContributed
Contributed Packages are Higher-‐Level
NO dependents
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Number of Dependents Per Package
Proportion of Packages
Num
ber o
f Dep
ende
nts
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
01
310
5026
0
RecommendedPopularContributed
Contributed Packages are Higher-‐Level
NO dependents50%
popular pa
ckages has
<=6 depe
ndents
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27
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
fast growth of contributed packages
stable package size
ac)ve maintenance
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27
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
fast growth of contributed packages
stable package size
ac)ve maintenance
few dependencies
contributed packages are higher level
![Page 82: The Evolution of the R Software Ecosystem (CSMR 2013)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052321/5564328bd8b42a06138b4dc2/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
27
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
fast growth of contributed packages
stable package size
ac)ve maintenance
few dependencies
contributed packages are higher level
![Page 83: The Evolution of the R Software Ecosystem (CSMR 2013)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052321/5564328bd8b42a06138b4dc2/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
05000
10000
15000
20000
#messages
● ● ● ● ●
●
●
●●
●
●
● ●
●
baserecommendedpopularcontributed
Contributed Packages Generate More User Traffic
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1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
0500
1000
1500
2000
2500
#messages
● ●● ●
●
●
●
●
● ● ●
●
●
●
baserecommendedpopularcontributed
Contributed Packages take over Developer Traffic
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1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
0500
1000
1500
2000
2500
#messages
● ●● ●
●
●
●
●
● ● ●
●
●
●
baserecommendedpopularcontributed
Contributed Packages take over Developer Traffic
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110
010
000
Tota
l #m
essa
ges
base recommended popular contributed
The Less Core, the Less Traffic
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110
010
000
Tota
l #m
essa
ges
base recommended popular contributed
The Less Core, the Less Trafficstrong
compeDDon
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Tim
e
instantday
week
month
year
5 year10 year
1st msg. 10th msg. 100th msg. 1000th msg.
baserecommendedpopularcontributed
Star)ng up a Community takes 1 Year
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Tim
e
instantday
week
month
year
5 year10 year
1st msg. 10th msg. 100th msg. 1000th msg.
baserecommendedpopularcontributed
Star)ng up a Community takes 1 Year
3 months
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Tim
e
instantday
week
month
year
5 year10 year
1st msg. 10th msg. 100th msg. 1000th msg.
baserecommendedpopularcontributed
Star)ng up a Community takes 1 Year
3 months 1 year
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Tim
e
instantday
week
month
year
5 year10 year
1st msg. 10th msg. 100th msg. 1000th msg.
baserecommendedpopularcontributed
Star)ng up a Community takes 1 Year
3 months 1 year
5 months slower
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Tim
e
instantday
week
month
year
5 year10 year
1st msg. 10th msg. 100th msg. 1000th msg.
baserecommendedpopularcontributed
Star)ng up a Community takes 1 Year
3 months 1 year
5 months slower 44.9% gets here
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Tim
e
instantday
week
month
year
5 year10 year
1st msg. 10th msg. 100th msg. 1000th msg.
baserecommendedpopularcontributed
Star)ng up a Community takes 1 Year
3 months 1 year
5 months slower
only 6.5% gets this far
44.9% gets here
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32
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
fast growth of contributed packages
stable package size
ac)ve maintenance
few dependencies
contributed packages are higher level
![Page 95: The Evolution of the R Software Ecosystem (CSMR 2013)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052321/5564328bd8b42a06138b4dc2/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
32
Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
fast growth of contributed packages
stable package size
ac)ve maintenance
few dependencies
contributed packages are higher level
strong compe))on for a#en)on
building a community takes a year
![Page 96: The Evolution of the R Software Ecosystem (CSMR 2013)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052321/5564328bd8b42a06138b4dc2/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
So What?• How do contributors deal with the fight for aYenDon?– What is their mo)va)on?– How much effort do they spend on their package?
• How does a package become popular/recommended?– Do bloggers/books have an impact?– Or is it the other way around?
• How do R-‐forge and the core team ensure high quality releases without broken packages?
• ...
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Bosch, SPLC '09
Desktop ecosystems for end-user programming are the holy grail of software platforms!
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base
recommended
popular
contributed
Case Study on R
CRAN
23/04/1997 -‐ 25/02/201180 official R versions
2,733
15
13
179
19,593 versions
+
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Package Characteris)cs Package Evolu)on Package Dependencies Package Community
extensive documenta)on
small contributed packages
fast growth of contributed packages
stable package size
ac)ve maintenance
few dependencies
contributed packages are higher level
strong compe))on for a#en)on
building a community takes a year
![Page 101: The Evolution of the R Software Ecosystem (CSMR 2013)](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052321/5564328bd8b42a06138b4dc2/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
1st International Workshop on Release Engineering
http://releng.polymtl.ca May 20, 2013, San Francisco, USA
RELENG 2013