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The Global Heat Budget
• Air-sea exchanges of heat (& freshwater) create
deep water masses & drive the conveyor belt
• Heat source into the ocean is solar radiation
• There are several heat loss terms
latent, conduction, longwave radiation, reflected
solar
• Ocean circulation moves heat (advection)
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Solar Radiation
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Solar Radiation
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The Heat Budget
Total heat flux (Qt) = Solar radiation (Qs)
- Latent heat loss (Qe)
- Conductive heat loss (Qh)
- Longwave radiation (Qb)
Qt = Qs - Qe - Qh - Qb
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Heat Loss Terms
• Latent heat flux (Qe)
– Energy required to evaporate water
– Most important in tropics & midlatitudes
• Conductive (or sensible) heat flux (Qh)
– Loss to turbulent exchange with atmosphere
–Typically small
• Longwave radiation (Qb)
– Net thermal IR emission from ocean
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Global Heat Budget
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Net Solar Radiation
Typical Jan
Tropics 200 W/m2
Mid-latitudes 100 W/m2
High-latitude ~10 W/m2
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Latent Heat Loss
Typical Jan
Tropics 120 W/m2
Mid-latitudes 100 W/m2
High-latitude ~20 W/m2
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Conductive Heat Loss
Typical Jan
Tropics 0-10 W/m2
Mid-latitudes 0-40 W/m2
High-latitude 0-30 W/m2
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Net Longwave Radiation
Typical Jan
Tropics 40-50 W/m2
Mid-latitudes 60-70 W/m2
High-latitude 30-50 W/m2
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Total Heat Flux
Typical Jan
Cool NH
Heat - SH
WBC’s -200 W/m2
SH Subtropics 70 W/m2
NH Subtropics > -80 W/m2
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Total Heat Flux
Typical July
Heat NH
Cool SH
NH Subtropics 100 W/m2
SH Subtropics -40 W/m2
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Global Heat Budget
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Global Heat Transport
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Global Heat Transport
1015 W = 1 Petawatt
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Hydrographic Inverse Models
• WOCE hydrographic sections are used to estimate global circulation & material transport
• Mass, heat, salt & other properties are conserved
• Air-sea exchanges & removal processes are considered
• Provides estimates of basin scale circulation, heat & freshwater transports
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Global Heat Transport
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Global Heat Transport
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Global Heat Transport
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The Global Heat Budget
• Heat source into the ocean is solar radiation
• There are several heat loss terms
latent, conduction, longwave radiation, reflected
solar
• Ocean circulation moves heat (advection)
• Large scale heat budget can be closed by
analyzing hydrographic sections